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Map of Indonesia

Indonesia is a country in Asia with its capital at Jakarta, home to about 285.72 million people across 1.90M km². The interactive map below plots 104 cities and towns, 14 rivers, 2 lakes, 16 mountain summits and 114 ports recorded for Indonesia in YearMaps.

Population
285.72 million
#4 of 225 · World Bank, 2025
Area
1.90M km²
#16 by area
Capital
Jakarta
Continent
Asia
150 people per km²

Interactive Map of Indonesia

3.6

Centred on Jakarta at 6.1725° S, 106.8275° E. Use the layer panel to switch on rivers, dams, ports, peaks and historical borders.

Great Monument of Indonesia

Borobudur Temple Compound is marked on the map above. Click a pin or use "Show on map" to fly to it.

Borobudur Temple Compound
Photo: Heri nugroho, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Buddhist Mandala MonumentBuilt 800 CE

Borobudur Temple Compound

Sailendra Dynasty of Java · Early Medieval

Borobudur, also transcribed Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur), is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, near the town of Muntilan, northwest of the city of Yogyakarta, in Central Java, Indonesia.

Constructed of gray andesite-like stone, the temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome. It is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and originally 504 Buddha statues. The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa. The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades. Borobudur has one of the world's most extensive collections of Buddhist reliefs.

Built during the reign of the Sailendra dynasty, the temple design follows Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the Indonesian indigenous tradition of ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining nirvāṇa. The monument is a shrine to the Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. Evidence suggests that Borobudur was constructed in the 8th century and subsequently abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British administrator of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was completed in 1983 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, followed by the monument's listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with Bagan in Myanmar and Angkor Wat in Cambodia as one of the great archeological sites of Southeast Asia. Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with Buddhists in Indonesia celebrating Vesak Day at the monument. Among Indonesia's tourist attractions, Borobudur is the most-visited monument.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Borobudur (CC BY-SA 4.0).

View on the live mapWikipedia article
Built by
Sailendra Dynasty of Java
Built
800 CE
Era
Early Medieval
Type
Buddhist Mandala Monument
Status
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Coordinates
7.6079° S, 110.2038° E

Architectural Significance

Constructed around a natural volcanic hill with two million blocks of interlocking andesite stone assembled without mortar using mortise and dovetail joints.

Photos of Borobudur Temple Compound

  • Borobudur temple view from northwest plateau, Central Java , Indonesia .
    Gunawan Kartapranata · Public domain
  • Borobudur temple Park, Indonesia: Early morning atmosphere in Borobudu Temple Park.
    CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · CC BY-SA 3.0
  • The perfect Buddha at the Borobudur (Java, Indonesia), ca. 750 - 850 AD
    Photo by Jan-Pieter Nap , 2004. · CC BY-SA 3.0
History & architecture of Borobudur Temple Compound

History

Hindu clerics appealed to the people of Java for generations, a fact that architect and author Jacques Dumarçay finds first mentioned in 450 AD. Influence of the Sailendra and Sanjaya dynasties followed. Dumarçay says that de Casparis concluded that Sanjaya and Sailendra shared power in central Java for a century and a half, and that de Casparis traced alternating succession from 732 until 882. During this time many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and mountains around the Kedu Plain. Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same period as the Hindu Prambanan temple compound. In 732 AD, King Sanjaya commissioned a Shivalinga sanctuary to be built on the Wukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Borobudur.

There are no known records of construction or the intended purpose of Borobudur. The duration of construction has been estimated by comparison of carved reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th centuries. Comparison of an Indian architectural process across temples, and acknowledgment of who was in power, enabled Dumarçay to approximately date the construction of Borobudur in five stages. Loosely, the Sailendra began c. 780, and continued stages two and three c. 792 through to an unremarkable fourth stage during their decline c. 824. The Sanjaya completed Borobudur's fifth stage c. 833.

Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples. In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 779 AD. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king to act likewise. The 856 battle on the Ratubaka plateau was much after and was a political battle. There was a climate of peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement existed in Prambanan.

Architecture

The archaeological excavation into Borobudur during reconstruction suggests that adherents of Hinduism or a pre-Indic faith had already begun to erect a large structure on Borobudur's hill before the site was appropriated by Buddhists. The foundations are unlike any Hindu or Buddhist shrine structures, and therefore, the initial structure is considered more indigenous Javanese than Hindu or Buddhist.

Borobudur is built as a single large stupa and, when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. The original foundation is a square, approximately 118 metres (387 ft) on each side. It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are square and the upper three are circular. The upper platform contains seventy-two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the Buddha sit inside the pierced enclosures.

The design of Borobudur took the form of a step pyramid. Previously, the prehistoric Austronesian megalithic culture in Indonesia had constructed several earth mounds and stone step pyramid structures called punden berundak as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan. The construction of stone pyramids is based on native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or hyangs.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Borobudur (CC BY-SA 4.0).

About Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Comprising between 13,000 and 17,000 islands—including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea—it is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area. Indonesia has extensive tropical forests and marine ecosystems that support some of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with early human presence evidenced by fossils of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens, and megalithic sites. It became connected to regional and international maritime trade networks by the first millennium BCE. Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms developed by early centuries CE, followed by the spread of Islam and the growth of Islamic states from the late medieval period. European powers later competed to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Dutch commercial and colonial control expanded from the 17th century and was consolidated over most of the archipelago during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before Indonesia proclaimed its independence in the aftermath of World War II.

Since independence, Indonesia has experienced separatist conflicts, corruption, political upheaval and natural disasters, alongside democratisation and rapid economic growth. The country today is a presidential republic with an elected legislature and consists of 38 provinces, some of which enjoy greater autonomy than others. Home to over 280 million people, Indonesia ranks fourth in the world by population and has the largest Muslim population of any country. More than half of Indonesians live on Java, the most heavily populated island in the world, while the capital Jakarta is the world's most populous city.

There are hundreds of ethnic groups and more than 700 languages, as well as diverse regional cultures. This diversity is reflected in the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, meaning "unity in diversity". Indonesian, a standardised variety of Malay, is the official and national language and its lingua franca. Indonesia has the largest economy in Southeast Asia, with services and industry accounting for most output and economic activity concentrated on Java. Sea and air transport are the primary means of connecting the country's many islands. Indonesia is a middle power active in regional and global affairs and is a member of the United Nations, G20, the Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Summary adapted from Wikipedia: Indonesia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Indonesia
Image via Wikimedia Commons.

Geography and Climate of Indonesia

The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state. Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.

Location
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Climate
Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands.
Terrain
Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains.
Highest point
Puncak Jaya 4,884 m.
Lowest point
Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m.
Coastline
54,716 km.
Land borders
Total: 2,958 km; border countries: Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km.
Major rivers
Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth.
Major lakes
Fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World.
Natural resources
Petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver.
Land use
Agricultural land: 29.1% (2023 est.); arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.); permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.); permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.); forest: 50.6% (2023 est.); other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Natural hazards
Occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note".
Geographic note
Note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon.
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia.
Religions
Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups
Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
Economy
Upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals.

From the CIA World Factbook (public domain), archived edition of 2026-01-22. The Factbook is no longer updated, so figures reflect that edition.

Indonesia in Numbers

Population
285.72 million
2025
GDP
US$1.45 trillion
2025
GDP per person
US$5,060
2025
Life expectancy
71.3 years
2024
Population growth
0.79% a year
2025
Population density
150 per km²
2024
Urban population
59.4%
2025
Surface area
1,916,907 km²
2024
Forest cover
50.7%
2024
Arable land
9.3%
2024
Access to electricity
99.9%
2024
Internet users
72.8%
2024

Indicators from World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0). The year under each figure is its reference year.

Indonesia in Depth

History

The island of Java has yielded numerous hominin fossils generally attributed to Homo erectus, including the type specimen discovered by Eugène Dubois at Trinil. Stone artefacts on Flores show that hominins had reached the island by at least 1.02 million years ago. Homo sapiens had dispersed into Southeast Asia by at least 50,000 years ago. In Sulawesi, narrative cave art has been dated to a minimum age of 51,200 years. Flores also yielded remains of the small-bodied hominin Homo floresiensis. Megalithic traditions later developed at different times across the archipelago, and stone monuments were used for burial and to honour or commemorate ancestors.

Geography

Indonesia is an equatorial archipelago of coastal plains, mountains, and volcanic islands. It lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N and longitudes 95°E and 141°E, and is the world's largest archipelagic state, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. Several straits, including Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok, carry international traffic between the Indian and Pacific oceans, including ships transporting energy supplies and commercial cargo.

The quantity of islands varies by counting method, with published figures ranging from 13,466 named islands to more than 17,500. About 922 of them are permanently inhabited. Its five main islands are Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Borneo, and New Guinea.

Economy

Indonesia has a mixed economy in which the private sector and the government both have large roles. It is the only G20 member state in Southeast Asia. In 2025, gross domestic product was Rp23.821 quadrillion (US$1.45 trillion) at current prices, making it Southeast Asia's largest economy and placing it among the world's top 20 by nominal GDP and top 10 by GDP at purchasing power parity. Services and industry account for the largest shares of gross domestic product, while agriculture remains a major source of employment.

The economy was once largely agricultural, and early post-independence policy centred on agricultural self-sufficiency.

Demographics

The 2020 census recorded 270.2 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country after India, China and the United States. The population is concentrated on Java and in urban centres, while many provinces outside Java and Bali are much less densely populated. Java is home to 56.1% of the population, and its population density is far above the national average, reaching 1,171 people per square kilometre (3,030 people/mi2).

Indonesia has a median age of 30.7 years as of 2026, while about 69% of the population was aged 15–64 in 2025. Jakarta is listed as the world's most populous city, with nearly 42 million inhabitants as of 2025. Approximately 59% of Indonesians lived in urban areas as of 2025.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Indonesia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Indonesia: Key Facts

Key facts about Indonesia
Currencyrupiah
Official languageIndonesian
Head of statePrabowo Subianto
Head of governmentPrabowo Subianto
Form of governmentrepublic, presidential system
Calling code+62
Internet domain.id
Highest pointPuncak Jaya
Lowest pointIndian Ocean
Established17 August 1945

Facts from Wikidata Q252 (CC0).

History of Indonesia: Empires and States

The atlas records 30 polities whose mapped territory included part of Indonesia, from Tarumanagara in 367 CE to 2024 CE. They are listed in the order they first appear.

Polities that held Indonesia, in chronological order
PolityPeriod here
Tarumanagara367–673 CE
Galuh Kingdom674–1481 CE
Sunda Kingdom674–1578 CE
Srivijaya682–1293 CE
Mataram Kingdom741–1009 CE
Early Balinese Kingdoms922–1343 CE
Kahuripan1028–1045 CE
Kingdom of Janggala1046–1138 CE
Kediri Kingdom1046–1226 CE
Singhasari1227–1293 CE
Majapahit1294–1518 CE
The Majapahit Empire1294–1518 CE
Sultanate of Palembang1459–1821 CE
Sultanate of Cirebon1482–1676 CE
Sultanate of Malacca1512–1861 CE
Demak Sultanate1519–1551 CE
Blambangan Kingdom1519–1618 CE
Balinese Kingdom1519–1686 CE
Sultanate of Banjar1526–1859 CE
Sultanate of Johor1529–1819 CE
Sultanate of Aceh1529–1959 CE
Sultanate of Banten1556–1808 CE
Kingdom of Pajana1572–1587 CE
Mataram Sultanate1588–1743 CE
Dutch Republic1659–1795 CE
Bali1687–1907 CE
Batavian Republic1796–1810 CE
Dutch East Indies1800–1949 CE
Netherlands1811–1949 CE
Republic of Indonesia1946–2024 CE

Historical Maps of Indonesia

Indonesia on the world map in each year one of these states held it:

Derived by testing mapped cities against dated territorial polygons. Dates are when the polygons cover this place, not the polity's whole lifespan, and polities absent from the source dataset are not listed.

Visiting Indonesia

Indonesia is a huge tropical archipelago scattered across both sides of the Equator between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One of the world's most ecologically diverse countries, it comprises over 17,000 islands, many of them lush and rainforested, fringed by beaches and dotted with active volcanoes. Thousands are entirely uninhabited save for abundant wildlife, while some 6,000 are home to hundreds of ethnic groups with their own languages, foods and cultures, including the world's largest city, Jakarta, and the tourist hotspot of Bali. Indonesia's extraordinary natural and cultural diversity, and the warmth and friendliness of its people, draw millions of travellers to visit each year.

Travel notes adapted from Wikivoyage: Indonesia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Largest Cities in Indonesia

104 cities recorded. Ranked by metropolitan population. A port city's harbour is written up on the page of its sea.

Largest Cities in Indonesia
#NamePopulation
1Jakarta9.13 million
2Surabaya2.85 million
3Bandung2.39 million
4Bekasi2.38 million
5Medan2.12 million
6Palembang1.75 million
7Semarang1.40 million
8Ujungpandang1.26 million
9Cilacap1.17 million
10Bogor918,000
11Bandar Lampung881,801
12Padang855,000
13Malang805,000
14Pekanbaru799,000
15Denpasar732,344
16Yogyakarta636,660
17Palu612,445
18Pontianak607,311
19Bandjarmasin603,576
20Samarinda592,228
21Binjai564,979
22Surakarta555,308
23Banda Aceh513,698
24Bukittinggi506,964
25Pasuruan500,000
The other 79 (population, region, role)
  1. Mataram · 499,409 · Nusa Tenggara Barat · Admin-1 capital
  2. Jambi · 457,090 · Jambi · Admin-1 capital
  3. Manado · 451,893 · Sulawesi Utara · Admin-1 capital
  4. Balikpapan · 445,905 · Kalimantan Timur · Populated place
  5. Bengkulu · 426,673 · Bengkulu · Admin-1 capital
  6. Gorontalo · 365,497 · Gorontalo · Populated place
  7. Ambon · 355,596 · Maluku · Admin-1 capital
  8. Pematangsiantar · 341,200 · Sumatera Utara · Populated place
  9. Jember · 298,585 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  10. Kupang · 282,396 · Nusa Tenggara Timur · Admin-1 capital
  11. Sukabumi · 276,414 · Jawa Barat · Populated place
  12. Majene · 272,377 · Sulawesi Barat · Populated place
  13. Pakalongan · 272,000 · Jawa Tengah · Populated place
  14. Tasikmalaya · 271,143 · Jawa Barat · Populated place
  15. Tebingtinggi · 268,043 · Sumatera Utara · Populated place
  16. Padangsidempuan · 266,882 · Sumatera Utara · Populated place
  17. Cirebon · 254,298 · Jawa Barat · Populated place
  18. Singkawang · 248,012 · Kalimantan Barat · Populated place
  19. Tegal · 237,084 · Jawa Tengah · Populated place
  20. Kediri · 235,143 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  21. Singaraja · 234,468 · Bali · Populated place
  22. Tanjungpinang · 226,666 · Kepulauan Riau · Populated place
  23. Sibolga · 217,312 · Sumatera Utara · Populated place
  24. Martapura · 198,239 · Kalimantan Selatan · Populated place
  25. Tarakan · 193,069 · Kalimantan Timur · Populated place
  26. Ternate · 187,521 · Maluku Utara · Populated place
  27. Madiun · 186,099 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  28. Pinrang · 182,731 · Sulawesi Selatan · Populated place
  29. Probolinggo · 181,656 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  30. Salatiga · 176,000 · Jawa Tengah · Populated place
  31. Banyuwangi · 172,424 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  32. Jayapura · 169,341 · Papua · Admin-1 capital
  33. Kendari · 165,377 · Sulawesi Tenggara · Admin-1 capital
  34. Serang · 164,767 · Banten · Populated place
  35. Palangkaraya · 148,289 · Kalimantan Tengah · Admin-1 capital
  36. Lhokseumawe · 140,322 · Aceh · Populated place
  37. Blitar · 132,416 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  38. Pangkalpinang · 125,933 · Bangka-Belitung · Populated place
  39. Sorong · 125,535 · Irian Jaya Barat · Populated place
  40. Indramayu · 123,263 · Jawa Barat · Populated place
  41. Pati · 122,785 · Jawa Tengah · Populated place
  42. Langsa · 117,256 · Aceh · Populated place
  43. Mojokerto · 112,557 · Jawa Timur · Populated place
  44. Magelang · 111,461 · Jawa Tengah · Populated place
  45. Raba · 106,101 · Nusa Tenggara Barat · Populated place
  46. Maumere · 104,285 · Nusa Tenggara Timur · Populated place
  47. Biak · 103,610 · Papua · Populated place
  48. Perabumulih · 103,470 · Sumatera Selatan · Populated place
  49. Bontang · 101,691 · Kalimantan Timur · Populated place
  50. Sungaipenuh · 95,913 · Jambi · Populated place
  51. Sampit · 92,710 · Kalimantan Tengah · Populated place
  52. Parepare · 87,776 · Sulawesi Selatan · Populated place
  53. Sumenep · 84,656 · Jawa Timur · Admin-1 capital
  54. Watampone · 81,629 · Sulawesi Selatan · Populated place
  55. Ende · 77,205 · Nusa Tenggara Timur · Populated place
  56. Tuban · 76,242 · Jawa Timur · Admin-1 capital
  57. Manokwari · 74,504 · Irian Jaya Barat · Populated place
  58. Lahat · 65,906 · Sumatera Selatan · Populated place
  59. Tanjungpandan · 62,374 · Bangka-Belitung · Populated place
  60. Tidore · 60,611 · Maluku Utara · Populated place
  61. Ruteng · 53,976 · Nusa Tenggara Timur · Populated place
  62. Sawahlunto · 50,354 · Sumatera Barat · Populated place
  63. Waingapu · 48,828 · Nusa Tenggara Timur · Populated place
  64. Luwuk · 47,778 · Sulawesi Tengah · Populated place
  65. Amahai · 47,653 · Maluku · Populated place
  66. Poso · 47,110 · Sulawesi Tengah · Populated place
  67. Padangpanjang · 44,096 · Sumatera Barat · Populated place
  68. Nabire · 43,898 · Papua · Populated place
  69. Kotabumi · 42,366 · Lampung · Populated place
  70. Kualakapuas · 35,632 · Kalimantan Tengah · Populated place
  71. Praya · 35,183 · Nusa Tenggara Barat · Populated place
  72. Merauke · 34,412 · Papua · Populated place
  73. Kuta · 30,012 · Bali · Populated place
  74. Timika · 26,021 · Papua · Populated place
  75. Baubau · 24,412 · Sulawesi Tenggara · Populated place
  76. Makale · 9,960 · Sulawesi Selatan · Populated place
  77. Palopo · 2,444 · Sulawesi Selatan · Populated place
  78. Tarutung · 1,305 · Sumatera Utara · Populated place
  79. Telukbutun · 140 · Kepulauan Riau · Populated place

Highest Mountains in Indonesia

16 mountains recorded. Ranked by summit elevation above sea level. A summit on a border is listed under both countries.

See all 16 mountains →
Highest Mountains in Indonesia
#NameElevation
1Puncak Jaya4,884 m
2Gunung Kerinci3,805 m
3Gunung Rinjani3,726 m
4Gunung Semeru3,676 m
5Bulu Rantekombola3,455 m
6Gunung Ciremay3,077 m
7Fuyul Sojol3,030 m
8Gunung Binaiya3,027 m
9Longnawan2,988 m
10Abongabong2,985 m

Largest Lakes in Indonesia

2 lakes recorded. Ranked by mapped surface area. A lake on a border is listed under each country it lies in, with the area of the whole lake.

Largest Lakes in Indonesia
#NameSurface Area
1Danau Toba1,149 km²
2Kenohan Jempang216 km²
Danau Toba
Image via Wikimedia Commons (author and licence on the file page).

Danau Toba

Lake · 1,149 km²

Danau Toba is a lake in Indonesia, with a mapped surface area of about 1,149 km².

Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba, Toba Batak: ᯖᯀᯬ ᯖᯬᯅ; romanized: Tao Toba) is a large natural lake in North Sumatra and Indonesia. The lake is the massive caldera of the Toba supervolcano. The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), and stretches from 2.88°N 98.52°E / 2.88; 98.52 to 2.35°N 99.1°E / 2.35; 99.1. The lake is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. Toba Caldera is one of twenty geoparks in Indonesia, and was recognised in July 2020 as one of the UNESCO Global Geoparks.

Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago, temporarily changing the earth's climate. Recent advances in dating methods suggest a more precise eruption date of 74,000 years ago. It is the largest-known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years.

A theory known as the Toba catastrophe theory postulates that this event held global consequences for Earth's human population.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Lake Toba (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Surface area
1,149 km²
Area rank
#172 of 756 indexed
Type
Lake
Country
Indonesia
Coordinates
2.7997°, 98.6421°

Among the 756 water bodies with a mapped extent in YearMaps, Danau Toba ranks #172 by surface area, after Pielinen (1,153 km²) and ahead of Lake St. Clair (1,146 km²). Areas are computed from the mapped outline and are approximate.

Settlements on the shore:
Pematangsiantar (50 km), Tebingtinggi (80 km), Medan (87 km)
Watercourses:
Asahan (River), Pahang (River)
Other water nearby:
Tonle Sap (2,547 km²), Pulicat Lake (127 km²)

View on the live map

More about Danau Toba

Geology

The Toba Caldera in North Sumatra comprises four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the Sumatran "volcanic front". At 100 by 30 kilometres (62 by 19 mi) it is the world's largest Quaternary caldera, and the fourth and youngest caldera. It intersects the three older calderas. An estimated 2,800 km3 (670 cu mi) of dense-rock equivalent pyroclastic material, known as the youngest Toba tuff, was released during one of the largest explosive volcanic eruptions in recent geological history. Following this eruption, a resurgent dome formed within the new caldera, joining two half-domes separated by a longitudinal graben.

At least four cones, four stratovolcanoes, and three craters are visible in the lake.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Lake Toba (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Danau Toba: Key Facts

Key facts about Danau Toba
Surface area1,145 km²
Maximum depth529 m
Volume240 km³
Surface elevation905 m
OutflowsAsahan River

Facts from Wikidata Q183360 (CC0).

Rivers in Indonesia

14 rivers recorded. Listed alphabetically. A river is listed where its mapped reach lies, so long rivers appear under more than one country.

See all 14 rivers →
Rivers in Indonesia
NameType
AsahanRiver
BaliemRiver
BaritoRiver
DigulRiver
FlyRiver
IndragiRiver
KapuasRiver
KayanRiver
MahakamRiver
MamberamoRiver

Ports in Indonesia

114 ports recorded. Ranked by approach channel depth, the figure that limits which ships can call. Harbours link to their write-up on the page of the sea or coast they lie on.

Ports in Indonesia
#NameChannel Depth
1Dabo56.7 m
2Labuhanhaji56.7 m
3Namlea56.7 m
4Fakfak56.7 m
5Bengkulu56.7 m
6Cirebon56.7 m
7Tegal56.7 m
8Tanjungpinang56.7 m
9Pangkalpinang56.7 m
10Tarempah53 m
The other 104 (channel depth, class, sea, max vessel)
  1. Tahuna · 53 m · Very Small · Philippine, Sulu & Celebes Seas · medium vessels
  2. Palembang · 53 m · Minor · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  3. Banjarmasin · 53 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  4. Jayapura · 53 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  5. Sungaigerong · 49.4 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  6. Stagen · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  7. Ramba · 49.4 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  8. Tanjungredeb · 49.4 m · Small · Philippine, Sulu & Celebes Seas · point_of_interest
  9. Gunung Batu Besar · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  10. Raha Roadstead · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  11. Pomalaa · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  12. Saumlaki · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  13. Pontianak · 49.4 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  14. Kupang · 49.4 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  15. Ende · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  16. Poso · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  17. Merauke · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  18. Baubau · 49.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  19. Amamapare · 45.7 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  20. Tanjung Arang (Bunyu) · 45.7 m · Very Small · Philippine, Sulu & Celebes Seas · medium vessels
  21. Toboali · 45.7 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  22. Kumai · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  23. Kolonodale · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  24. Samarinda · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  25. Sibolga · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  26. Maumere · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  27. Tanjungpandan · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  28. Luwuk · 45.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  29. Belawan · 42.1 m · Minor · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  30. Bitung · 42.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  31. Kuala Tanjung · 42.1 m · Very Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  32. Bengkalis · 42.1 m · Very Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · point_of_interest
  33. Teluk Bayur · 42.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  34. Uleelheue · 42.1 m · Very Small · Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal · medium vessels
  35. Ampenan · 42.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  36. Ternate · 42.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  37. Kijang · 38.4 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · large vessels
  38. Sekupang · 38.4 m · Very Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · medium vessels
  39. Tanjunguban · 38.4 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · large vessels
  40. Mangkasa Oil Terminal · 38.4 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  41. Pulau Baai · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  42. Rembang · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  43. Benoa · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  44. Tanah Merah · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  45. Surabaya · 38.4 m · Minor · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  46. Ujung Pandang · 38.4 m · Minor · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  47. Gorontalo · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  48. Manokwari Road · 38.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  49. Bula · 34.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  50. Merak Mas Terminal · 34.7 m · Minor · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  51. Tanjung Benete · 34.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  52. Serui · 34.7 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  53. Jakarta · 34.7 m · Major · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  54. Cilacap · 34.7 m · Major · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  55. Ambon · 34.7 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  56. Tanjung Sekong · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  57. Tanjung Gerem · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  58. Jabung Batanghari Marine Terminal · 31.1 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  59. North Pulau Laut Coal Terminal · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  60. Panjang · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  61. Balikpapan · 31.1 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  62. Bontang Lng Terminal · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  63. Waingapu · 31.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  64. Banten · 27.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  65. Gresik · 27.4 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  66. Kendari · 27.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  67. Parepare · 27.4 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  68. Pulau Sambu · 23.8 m · Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  69. Salawati · 23.8 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  70. Kasim Terminal · 23.8 m · Major · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  71. Dumai · 20.1 m · Minor · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  72. Lalang Marine Terminal · 20.1 m · Very Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · point_of_interest
  73. Kota Baru · 16.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  74. Tg. Sorong · 16.5 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  75. Sungaipakning · 12.8 m · Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  76. Widuri Marine Terminal · 12.8 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  77. Sabang · 9.1 m · Very Small · Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal · large vessels
  78. Ardjuna Oil Field · 9.1 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  79. Tanjung Balai Karimun · 9.1 m · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · large vessels
  80. Celukan Bawang · 9.1 m · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  81. Cinta Oil Terminal · 5.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  82. Tanjung Santan · 5.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  83. Donggala · 5.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  84. Wahai · 5.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  85. Miei · 5.5 m · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  86. Anyer Lor · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  87. Belanak Field Terminal · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · point_of_interest
  88. Panarukan · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  89. Lawi Lawi Oil Terminal · Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · large vessels
  90. Udang Oilfield · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  91. Muntok · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  92. Blinyu · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  93. Pangkalansusu · Very Small · Strait of Malacca & Singapore · large vessels
  94. Kuala Kapus · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · medium vessels
  95. Poleng Oil Field · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  96. Larantuka · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  97. Belida Marine Terminal · Very Small · South China Sea & Gulf of Thailand · large vessels
  98. Tanjung Sangata · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  99. Senipah Oil Terminal · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  100. Teluk Beo · Very Small · Philippine, Sulu & Celebes Seas · medium vessels
  101. Labuha · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  102. Patani · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels
  103. Sailolof · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · point_of_interest
  104. Pekalongan · Very Small · Java Sea & Indonesian Archipelago · medium vessels

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Indonesia

10 World Heritage Sites recorded. Listed by year of inscription, earliest first. Sites shared with another country appear under each.

More on these World Heritage Sites →
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
#NameInscribed
1Borobudur Temple Compounds1991
2Komodo National Park1991
3Prambanan Temple1991
4Ujung Kulon National Park1991
5Sangiran1996
6Lorentz National Park1999
7Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra2004
8Pegulingan Temple2012
9Ombilin coal mine2019
10The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks2023

Largest Islands of Indonesia

38 islands recorded. Ranked by mapped area. An island divided between countries is listed under each, with the area of the whole island.

See all 38 islands →
Largest Islands of Indonesia
#NameArea
1Malay Archipelago3.91M km²
2Greater Sunda Islands969,929 km²
3New Guinea785,443 km²
4Borneo733,858 km²
5Sumatra430,052 km²
6Sulawesi170,803 km²
7Lesser Sunda Islands152,621 km²
8Moluccas140,372 km²
9Java126,357 km²
10Timor28,881 km²

Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Indonesia

4 mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms recorded. Ranked by mapped area. Covers mountain ranges, deserts, plateaus, named glaciers, plains, basins, peninsulas and capes. One that crosses a border is listed under every country it lies in, with the area of the whole feature.

More on these mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms →
Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Indonesia
#NameArea
1New Guinea Highlands222,321 km²
2Barisan Mountains63,657 km²
3Maoke Mountains771 km²
4Datu Peninsula557 km²

States and Provinces of Indonesia

9 first-level divisions with their own map.

Countries Bordering Indonesia

Land and maritime neighbours.

More Maps in Asia

Indonesia: Quick Answers

What is the capital of Indonesia?
The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta.
What is the population of Indonesia?
Indonesia has a population of about 285.72 million, the #4 largest of 225 countries in YearMaps. Source: World Bank, 2025.
How big is Indonesia?
Indonesia covers 1.90M km², ranking #16 by area, with about 150 people per square kilometre.
Which continent is Indonesia in?
Indonesia is in Asia.
Which countries border Indonesia?
Indonesia shares a land or maritime border with Singapore, Australia, Timor-Leste, India, Papua New Guinea, Palau, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines.
What is the largest city in Indonesia?
Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia, with a metropolitan population of about 9.13 million.
What is the highest mountain in Indonesia?
The highest summit recorded for Indonesia in YearMaps is Puncak Jaya at 4,884 m (16,024 ft). Summits on a border are counted for both countries.
What is the largest lake in Indonesia?
The largest lake recorded in or bordering Indonesia is Danau Toba, at roughly 1,149 km².
What are the famous wonders and monuments of Indonesia?
Indonesia's great monuments in YearMaps are Borobudur Temple Compound. Each is written up on this page with photographs and its history.