Early Middle Ages Map: The World 500–1000 AD

The direct continuation of the Roman Empire in the East, guarding the frontier of Europe and the Bosporus for over a millennium until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The cosmopolitan Golden Age of medieval Chinese civilization, celebrated for poetic genius, woodblock printing, Buddhist pilgrimages, and the Pax Sinica.

The vast first dynastic caliphate in world history, uniting 11 million km² from the Atlantic shores of Spain and Morocco to the Indus River and Central Asia.

The Golden Age of Islamic civilization, centering in Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, pioneering algebra, optics, medicine, and global trade across the Silk Road.

The Ziyadid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty that ruled western Yemen from 819 until 1018 from the capital city of Zabid.

The Rashidun Caliphate was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit.

Göktürk Khaganate is mapped in the atlas for 555 CE – 586 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 6,419,739 km².

The Sasanian Empire, officially Eranshahr, was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD.

The Göktürks, also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.

The Türgesh or Türgish were a Turkic tribal confederation.

The Uyghur Khaganate, self defined as the Toquz Oghuz and known to the Tang Chinese as the Jiuxing was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.

The Tibetan Empire was centered on the Tibetan Plateau and formed as a result of expansions under the Yarlung dynasty's 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century.

The Sui dynasty was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618 AD.

The Samanid Empire was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, ruled by a dynasty of Iranian dehqan origin, from 819 to 999.

The Samanid Empire was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, ruled by a dynasty of Iranian dehqan origin, from 819 to 999.

The Kimak–Kipchak confederation was a medieval Turkic state formed by seven peoples, including the Kimaks and Kipchaks, in the area between the Ob and Irtysh rivers.

The Ghaznavid Empire was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim state of Turkic Karluk origin.

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was an era of political upheaval and division in Imperial China from 907 to 979 CE.

The Göktürks, also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages.

The direct continuation of the Roman Empire in the East, guarding the frontier of Europe and the Bosporus for over a millennium until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The Saffarid dynasty was a culturally Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002.

The Liang dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Liang or Xiao Liang in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.

The Fatimid Caliphate, also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty.

The Liao dynasty, also known as the Khitan State, officially the Great Liao, was a Khitan-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Yelü clan that existed between 916 and 1125.

Tibetans are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet.

Zhou, known in historiography as the Northern Zhou, was a Xianbei-led dynasty of China that lasted from 557 to 581 AD.

The cosmopolitan Golden Age of medieval Chinese civilization, celebrated for poetic genius, woodblock printing, Buddhist pilgrimages, and the Pax Sinica.

The Pāla Empire was an early medieval Indian empire ruled by the Pāla dynasty.

The Kingdom of the Franks, also known as the Frankish Kingdom or Francia, was the largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe.

The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.

The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin.

East Francia or the Kingdom of the East Franks was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.

In medieval historiography, West Francia or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

The Rashtrakuta Empire was an early medieval Indian empire ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Hamdanid dynasty was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled Upper Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).

Harshavardhana was the emperor of Kannauj from April 606 until his death in 647.

The Pannonian Avars or Carpathian Avars were a confederation of Eurasian nomads.

The Chen dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Chen in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.

The Tulunid State, also known as the Tulunid Emirate or the State of Banu Tulun, and popularly referred to as the Tulunids was a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled Egypt on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Turks is mapped in the atlas for 666 CE – 756 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 967,663 km².

The Chalukya dynasty was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.

Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 732 CE – 1039 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 919,187 km².

Wei, known in historiography as the Western Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei.

Qi, known as the Northern Qi, Later Qi (後齊) or Gao Qi (高齊) in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and one of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era.

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.

The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, and western Kazakhstan.

Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Nanzhao, also spelled Nanchao, was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southwestern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries, during the mid/late Tang dynasty.

Jin, known as the Later Jìn or the Shi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Later Han is mapped in the atlas for 947 CE – 959 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 790,319 km².

Southern Tang was a dynastic state of China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries.

In medieval history, the Kingdom of Germany was the original core of the Holy Roman Empire, which continued to be distinguished from other parts of the empire such as the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy.

The Golden Age of Islamic civilization, centering in Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, pioneering algebra, optics, medicine, and global trade across the Silk Road.

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

East Francia or the Kingdom of the East Franks was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.

The foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire were conducted by the emperor.

Qocho or Kara-Khoja, also known as Idiqut, was a Uyghur kingdom created in 843, with strong Chinese Buddhist and Tocharian influences.

Aquitaine, archaic Guyenne or Guienne, is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region.

Wei, known in historiography as the Eastern Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei dynasty.

Shu, referred to as Later Shu and Meng Shu in historiography, was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Great Shu, known in historiography as the Former Shu or occasionally Wang Shu (王蜀), was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.

Kannauj is an ancient city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and a municipal board home to the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district.

Kingdom of England is mapped in the atlas for 936 CE – 1708 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 569,446 km².

The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra that influenced much of Southeast Asia.

The Maukhari dynasty was a post-Gupta dynasty who controlled the vast plains of Ganga-Yamuna for almost a century from Kannauj.

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country comprising the western and northernmost parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, the remote Arctic island Jan Mayen and the archipelago Svalbard.

Southern Wu is mapped in the atlas for 911 CE – 959 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 495,453 km².

Parhae, also rendered as Bohai or Balhae, and called Jin early on, was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by Tae Choyŏng.

Rus' is mapped in the atlas for 880 CE – 881 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 485,847 km².

Western Xia is mapped in the atlas for 990 CE – 1226 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 474,374 km².

The Rustamid dynasty was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria.

Oghuz Khagan or Oğuz Khan is a legendary khan of the Turkic people and an eponymous ancestor of the Oghuz Turks.

Kingdom of Italy is mapped in the atlas for 587 CE – 1946 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 455,534 km².

The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

The Pagan Kingdom, also called Bagan Empire (ပုဂံဧကရာဇ်နိုင်ငံတော်) or the First Burmese Empire, was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar.

The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern and southeastern Central Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD.

Chenla or Zhenla is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina.

In Scandinavian prehistory, sometimes specifically Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period, or Vendel Age, appears between the Migration Period and the Viking Age, specifically following the Volcanic winter of 536, subsiding around 550 AD.

The Kingdom of Poland was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 until 1795.

The Yenisei Kyrgyz were an ancient Turkic people who dwelled along the upper Yenisei in the southern portion of the Minusinsk Hollow from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.

The Duchy of Aquitaine was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.

Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an ethnic group native to present day Hungary, and the Carpathian Basin who share a common culture, language, history and ancestry.

Chu, known in historiography as Ma Chu (馬楚) or Southern Chu (南楚), was a dynastic state of China that existed from 907 to 951.

The Mongol Empire conducted several campaigns in Central Asia after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian Plateau in 1206.

Lotharingia was a historical region and an early medieval polity that existed during the late Carolingian and early Ottonian era, from the middle of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century.

The Dali Kingdom, also known as the Dali State, was a Bai dynastic state situated in modern Yunnan province, China, from 937 to 1253.

Turk Shahis is mapped in the atlas for 561 CE – 874 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 339,517 km².

Southern Han is mapped in the atlas for 911 CE – 979 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 322,737 km².

The Kingdom of Khotan, also called the Kingdom of Yutian, was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin.

Old Great Bulgaria, also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria, was a 7th-century Turkic nomadic empire formed by the Onogur-Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe.

Great Moravia is mapped in the atlas for 814 CE – 910 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 282,459 km².

The Grand Principality of Hungary or Duchy of Hungary was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established around 895, following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin.

The Ghassanids, also known as the Jafnids, were an Arab Christian kingdom.

The Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

The Aghlabid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya from 800 to 909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Fihrids, also known as Banū Fihr, were an Arab family and clan, prominent in Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus in the 8th century.

The Kharijites were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

The Heian period is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185.

Lower Burgundy was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, that existed from 879 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy.

The Chauhan dynasty are a dynasty associated with various ruling Rajput families in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan from seventh century onwards.

Chenla or Zhenla is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina.

The Chaulukya dynasty, also Solanki dynasty, was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India, between c.

The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom, also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was a Turkic dynastic state ruled by the Uyghur Yaglakar clan.

The Asuka period was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710, although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period.

The Nara period of the history of Japan covers the years from 710 to 794.

The Habbari Dynasty were an Arab dynasty that ruled much of Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024.

The Paramara dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled Malwa and surrounding areas in west-central India between 948 and 1305.

The Ziyadid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty that ruled western Yemen from 819 until 1018 from the capital city of Zabid.

Upper Burgundy was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, that existed from 888 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy, that lasted until 1032.

Samo was the founder and sole ruler of the first recorded unified tribal polity of Slavs, later known as Samo's realm, ruling from 623 until his death in 658.

Lower Burgundy was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, that existed from 879 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy.

The Karkota dynasty ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries.

Goryeo was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392.

The Ghana Empire, also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, or Wagadu, was an ancient western-Sahelian empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali.

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria.

The Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.

Chenla or Zhenla is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina.

The Utpala Dynasty was a medieval Kashmiri Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kashmir from the 9th to 10th centuries.

The County of Ribagorza or Ribagorça was a medieval county on the southern side of the Pyrenees, including the northeast of modern Aragón and part of the northwest of modern Catalonia, both in Spain.

The Danish Realm, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, often known as Denmark, is a sovereign state consisting of a collection of constituent territories united by the Constitutional Act, which applies to the entire territory.

The Ngô dynasty, officially Tĩnh Hải quân, was a semi-independent Vietnamese dynasty from 939 to 968.

The Gepids were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary, and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava, and Carpathian Mountains.

Unified Silla, Late Silla, or Greater Silla is the name often applied to the historical period of the Korean kingdom of Silla after its conquest of Goguryeo in 668 AD, which marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period.

The Lavo Kingdom was a mandala in the lower Chao Phraya basin from the 7th century until 1388.

Haripuñjaya, also spelled Haribhuñjaya, was an ancient Mon kingdom in what is now Northern Thailand, existing from the 7th or 8th to 13th century CE.

The Duchy of Aquitaine was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.

Jin, also known as Hedong (河東) and Former Jin (前晉) in Chinese historiography, was a dynastic state of China and the predecessor of the Later Tang dynasty.

Vikings were a seafaring people originally from Scandinavia, who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.

Neustria was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks during the Early Middle Ages, in contrast to the eastern Frankish sub-kingdom, Austrasia.

The Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius.

The Duchy of Bohemia, also later referred to in English as the Czech Duchy, was a monarchy and a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages.

Wuyue was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history.

Bavarians are an ethnographic group of Germans native to Bavaria, a state in Germany.

Min is mapped in the atlas for 911 CE – 946 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 121,944 km².

The Sunda Kingdom was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 932 AD to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Lampung, and the western part of Central Java.

The Duchy of Spoleto was a duchy in central Italy that existed from the late 6th century until the early 13th century.

The Kingdom of Burgundy, also known as the Kingdom of Arles, was a realm established in 933 by the unification of Lower Burgundy with the Upper Burgundy.

Shirvan is a historical Iranian region in the eastern Caucasus, as known both during the pre-Islamic Sasanian Era and the early Islamic period.

The Icelandic Commonwealth, also known as the Icelandic Free State, was the political unit existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king with the Old Covenant in 1262.

Bagratid Armenia was an independent Armenian state established by Ashot I of the Bagratuni dynasty in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of Greater Armenia under Arab Umayyad and Abbasid rule.

The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until around 927.

Mercia was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon period.

Qi was a principality during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history.

The Kingdom of Croatia, and since 1060 known as Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia, was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia, as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Early Lý dynasty, also known in historiography as the Former Lý dynasty or Anterior Lý dynasty, officially Vạn Xuân or Nam Việt, was a dynasty of Vietnam that existed from AD 544 to 602.

The Gauḍa kingdom was a kingdom during the Classical era in the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the Gauda region of Bengal in 4th century CE or possibly earlier.

Khadga dynasty, was a Buddhist dynasty which ruled the areas of Vanga and Samatata in ancient Bengal from 625 CE to 716 CE.

The Kingdom of Galicia was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which, at its territorial zenith, occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Georgia is mapped in the atlas for 567 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 86,640 km².

Northumbria was an early medieval English kingdom, existing between 654 and 1066 AD, at its height spanning modern-day Northern England and Southern Scotland.

The Kingdom of Alba was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286.

T'aebong was a state established by Kung Ye on the Korean Peninsula in 901 during the Later Three Kingdoms period.

Gao Kaidao, at one point known as Li Kaidao (李開道), was an agrarian rebel leader who rose against the Sui dynasty at the end of Emperor Yang's reign.

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti was an Indian dynasty in Central India.

The Pandya dynasty, also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

The Chandra dynasty was a Buddhist dynasty, originating from the South-east Bengal region of Indian subcontinent, which ruled the Samatata area of Bengal, as well as parts of Arakan Later it was a neighbour to the Pala Empire to the north.

Balāsagān, also known as Bazgan, was a region located in the area of the Kura and Aras rivers, adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

Jingnan, also known as Nanping and Northern Chu (北楚) in historiography, was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Liang, known in historiography as the Western Liang or the Later Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China during the Northern and Southern dynasties era of Chinese history.

The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.

Puebloans - Chaco Regional System is mapped in the atlas for 850 CE – 1151 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 64,974 km².

The Qarmatians were an Isma'ili Shia militant movement led by an Arabized dynasty of Persian descent.

The Dabuyid dynasty, or Gaubarid dynasty, was a Zoroastrian Iranian dynasty that started in the first half of the 7th century as an independent group of rulers who ruled over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan.

Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe.

Yan, sometimes known in historiography as Jie Yan (桀燕), was a short-lived monarchical state in the vicinity of present-day Beijing at the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

The Principality of Serbia was an autonomous, later sovereign state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution.

Dál Riata or Dál Riada was a Gaelic kingdom that encompassed the western seaboard of Scotland and northeastern Ireland, on each side of the North Channel.

The Mataram kingdom, also known as the Medang kingdom, was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries AD.

The Sajid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty, of Iranian origin, that ruled from 889/890 until 929.

The Duchy of Gascony or Duchy of Vasconia was a duchy located in present-day southwestern France and northeastern Spain, an area encompassing the modern region of Gascony.

The Danelaw was the part of England between the late ninth century and the Norman Conquest under Anglo-Saxon rule in which Danish laws applied.

The County of Toulouse was a territory in present-day southern France consisting of the city of Toulouse and its environs, ruled by the Count of Toulouse from the late 9th century until the late 13th century.

The Kingdom of Brittany was a short-lived vassal-state of the Frankish Empire that emerged during the Norse invasions.

The Duchy of Benevento was the southernmost Lombard duchy in the Italian Peninsula that was centered in Benevento, a city in Southern Italy.

Alid dynasties of northern Iran or Alavids.

Upper Burgundy was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, that existed from 888 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy, that lasted until 1032.

Carantania, also known as Carentania, was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia.

Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.

The Kingdom of Vaspurakan was a medieval Armenian kingdom centered on Lake Van, located in what is now eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran.

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870.

The Ziyarid dynasty was an Iranian dynasty of Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 931 to 1090 during the Iranian Intermezzo period.

The Duchy of Thuringia, later known as the Landgraviate of Thuringia, was a polity in medieval Thuringia, initially a duchy, and then a landgraviate.

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.

The County of Blois was a feudal principality centred on Blois, south of Paris, France.

Casablanca is the largest city in Morocco and the country's economic and business centre.

The Duchy of Brittany was a medieval feudal state that existed between approximately 939 and 1547.

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of modern-day Belgium and north-eastern France.

The Galuh Kingdom was a medieval Sundanese kingdom located in the eastern part of Tatar Sunda, present-day Indonesia.

The Principality of Iberia was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, called Iberia by classical authors.

Rouergue is a former province of France, corresponding roughly with the modern department of Aveyron.

The County of Champagne was a medieval territory and feudal principality in the Kingdom of France.

The County of Anjou was a French county that was the predecessor to the Duchy of Anjou.

The Principality of Nitra also known as the Duchy of Nitra, was a West Slavic polity encompassing a group of settlements that developed in the 9th century around Nitra, in present-day Slovakia.

Nitra is a city in southwestern Slovakia, situated at the foot of the Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River Valley about 90 km (56 mi) northeast of the country's capital, Bratislava.

The Northern Han was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

The Judicate of Arborea or the Kingdom of Arborea was one of the four independent judicates into which the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages.

Jämtland is a historical province in the centre of Sweden in northern Europe.

Later Paekche or Later Baekje was one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Taebong and Silla.

Kingdom of the Iberians is mapped in the atlas for 814 CE – 999 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 24,615 km².

The Bretons are a Celtic ethnic group native to Brittany, north-western France.

The Kingdom of Lazica, sometimes called Lazian Empire, was a state in the territory of west Georgia in the Roman period, from about the 1st century BC.

The Kingdom of Gwynedd was a Welsh kingdom which first appeared at the turn of the sixth century.

The island of Sicily was under Islamic rule from the late ninth to the late eleventh centuries.

The Frisian Kingdom is a modern name for the post-Roman Frisian realm in Western Europe in the period when it was at its largest (650–734).

The Duchy of Croatia was a medieval state that was established by White Croats who migrated into the area of the former Roman province of Dalmatia c.

Vermandois was a French county that appeared in the Merovingian period.

Girona, also known in Spanish as Gerona, is the capital city of the Province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers.

Classic Veracruz culture refers to a cultural area in the north and central areas of the present-day Mexican state of Veracruz, a culture that existed from roughly 100 to 1000 CE, or during the Classic era.

Deira was an area of Post-Roman Britain, and a later Anglian kingdom.

Seisyllwg was a petty kingdom of medieval Wales.

The Principality of Salerno was a medieval Southern European state, formed in 851 out of the Principality of Benevento after a decade-long civil war.

The Duchy of Tuscia, initially known as the Duchy of Lucca, was a Lombard duchy in Central Italy, which included much of today's Tuscany.

The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean, between present-day Spain and France.

The Obotrites or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites, were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany.

The County of Urgell is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya.

The Zagwe dynasty was a medieval Agaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Dumnonia, a Latinised name, was a Brythonic kingdom that existed in Sub-Roman Britain between the 6th century CE and the 7th century CE in the more westerly parts of present-day South West England.

Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France.

Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe.

The Kingdom of the East Angles, informally known as the Kingdom of East Anglia or East Anglia, was an early medieval English kingdom of the Angles during the Anglo-Saxon period, existing from the 6th century to 918 CE.

Rheged was one of the kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd, the Brittonic-speaking region of what is now Northern England and southern Scotland, during the post-Roman era and Early Middle Ages.

Strathclyde was one of nine former local government regions of Scotland created in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and abolished in 1996 by the Local Government etc.

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia.

Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.

The Judicate of Cagliari was one of the four kingdoms or judicates into which Sardinia was divided during the Middle Ages.

Berga is the capital of the comarca (county) of Berguedà, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

The Frisians are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwestern Europe on the coastal regions of northern Netherlands, north-western Germany and southwestern Denmark.

The Judicate of Logudoro or Torres was one of the four kingdoms or iudicati into which Sardinia was divided during the Middle Ages.

The Bali Kingdom was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia.

The Emirate of Nekor or Salihid Emirate was an emirate centered in the Rif area of present-day Morocco.

The County of Besalú was one of the landlocked medieval Catalan counties near the Mediterranean coastline.

The Kingdom of Powys was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.

The Toltec culture was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 AD.

The Emirate of Crete was an Arab Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961.

Brycheiniog was an independent kingdom in South Wales in the Early Middle Ages.

County of Pallars is mapped in the atlas for 875 CE – 1014 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 4,850 km².

Hwicce was a kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England.

Roussillon was a historical province of France that largely corresponded to the County of Roussillon and part of the County of Cerdagne of the former Principality of Catalonia.

The Judicate of Gallura was one of four Sardinian judicates in the Middle Ages.

Cornwall is a ceremonial county in South West England.

Vexin is a historical county of northern France.

The Kingdom of the East Saxons, referred to as the Kingdom of Essex, was an early medieval English kingdom, constituting one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon period.

The Lindsey was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now north Lincolnshire in the sixth and seventh centuries, possibly extending into the early eighth century.

The County of Aragon or County of Jaca was a small Frankish marcher county in the central Pyrenean valley of the Aragon river, comprising Ansó, Echo, and Canfranc and centered on the small town of Jaca, an area now part of Spain.

The Kingdom of Sobrarbe was the legendary predecessor to the Kingdom of Aragon and the modern region of Sobrarbe.

Morgannwg was a kingdom in south-east Wales.

Chimor was the political grouping of the Chimú culture.

The County of Osona, also Ausona, was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early and High Middle Ages.

Dunoding was an early sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north-west Wales which existed between the 5th and 10th centuries.

Gwent was a medieval Welsh kingdom, lying between the Rivers Wye and Usk.

The Principality of Capua was a state centred on Capua in Southern Italy which lasted for about three centuries.

Duchy of Naples is mapped in the atlas for 763 CE – 1138 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,059 km².

Wihtwara were the Early Medieval inhabitants of the Isle of Wight, a 147-square-mile (380 km2) island off the south coast of England.

The Duchy of Amalfi or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern European city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries.