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Map of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country in Africa with its capital at Addis Ababa, home to about 135.47 million people across 1.10M km². The interactive map below plots 34 cities and towns, 9 rivers, 9 lakes, 8 mountain summits and 1 major dams recorded for Ethiopia in YearMaps.

Population
135.47 million
#10 of 225 · World Bank, 2025
Area
1.10M km²
#28 by area
Capital
Addis Ababa
Continent
Africa
123 people per km²

Interactive Map of Ethiopia

4.4

Centred on Addis Ababa at 9.0353° N, 38.6981° E. Use the layer panel to switch on rivers, dams, ports, peaks and historical borders.

Great Monument of Ethiopia

Church of Saint George (Lalibela) is marked on the map above. Click a pin or use "Show on map" to fly to it.

Church of Saint George (Lalibela)
Photo: Sailko, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Rock-Hewn Monolithic ChurchBuilt 1200 CE

Church of Saint George (Lalibela)

Zagwe Dynasty of Ethiopia (King Lalibela) · High Middle Ages

The Church of Saint George (Amharic: ቤተ ጊዮርጊስ, romanized: Betä Giyorgis) is one of eleven rock-hewn monolithic churches in Lalibela, a town in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Originally named Roha (Warwar), the historical and religious site was named Lalibela after the King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela of the Zagwe dynasty, who commissioned its construction. He is regarded as a saint by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Church of Saint George, Lalibela (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Built by
Zagwe Dynasty of Ethiopia (King Lalibela)
Built
1200 CE
Era
High Middle Ages
Type
Rock-Hewn Monolithic Church
Status
UNESCO World Heritage Site (Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela)
Coordinates
12.0319° N, 39.0433° E

Architectural Significance

A complete church, inside and out, cut from a single block of rock left standing in a trench, with drainage channels carved to protect it from the rains.

Photos of Church of Saint George (Lalibela)

  • This view of the 13th century rock-hewn church of Bet Giorgis shows the southwest corner of the structure and the south wall of the vast rectangular pit created when the church was carved out of livin
    A. Davey from Where I Live Now: Pacific Northwest · CC BY 2.0
History & architecture of Church of Saint George (Lalibela)

History

The Church of Saint George was carved downwards from a type of volcanic tuff. This is the sole architectural material that was used in the structure. It has been dated to the late 12th or early 13th century AD, and thought to have been constructed during the reign of King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, of the late Zagwe dynasty. It is among the best known and last built of the eleven churches in the Lalibela area, and has been referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". Lalibela, King of Ethiopia, sought to recreate Jerusalem, and structured the churches' landscape and religious sites in such a way as to achieve such a feat. "The churches at Lalibela are clustered in two major groups, one representing the earthly Jerusalem, and the other representing the heavenly Jerusalem. Located directly between them is a trench representing the River Jordan". The dimensions of the trench are 25 meters by 25 meters by 30 meters, and there is a small baptismal pool outside the church, which stands in an artificial trench.

According to Ethiopian cultural history, Betä Giyorgis was built after King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela of the Zagwe dynasty had a vision in which he was instructed to construct the church; Saint George and God have both been referred to as the one who gave him the instructions.

Lalibela is a pilgrimage site for members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; the church itself is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela".

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Church of Saint George, Lalibela (CC BY-SA 4.0).

About Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the southeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,104,300 km2 (426,400 sq mi). As of 2026, it has around 138 million inhabitants, making it the 10th-most populous country in the world and 2nd most populous country in Africa. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.

Anatomically modern humans emerged in what is now Ethiopia. In 980 BC, the Kingdom of D'mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilisation in the region for 900 years. Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD, while Islam gained influence during the first Hijra in 615. After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the Zagwe dynasty ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia. The Shewan usurper, Yekuno Amlak, overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the Battle of Ansata, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba, and Menelik I was the first emperor. Under Emperor Amda Seyon I (r. 1314–1344), the empire grew in prestige through territorial expansion against neighbouring Muslim territories. Later, the Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) weakened the empire and opened the way for the Oromo expansion. The growing influence of the Oromo at the Gondarine court ultimately contributed to the fragmentation known as Zemene Mesafint, beginning in 1769. Emperor Tewodros II ended the Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernisation of Ethiopia.

In the late 19th century, Ethiopia repelled foreign invasions from both Egypt and Italy, most notably defeating an Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Under Emperor Menelik II, it also expanded its territory, remaining independent during the Scramble for Africa and establishing its current borders. Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when Italy under Benito Mussolini invaded during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and following Ethiopia's defeat, Italian East Africa was established. In 1941, during World War II, it was liberated by the British Army, and its full sovereignty was restored in 1944.

Summary adapted from Wikipedia: Ethiopia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Ethiopia
Image via Wikimedia Commons.

Geography and Climate of Ethiopia

The area that is modern-day Ethiopia is rich in cultural and religious diversity with more than 80 ethnic groups. The oldest hominid yet found comes from Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity in the 4th century A.D. A series of monarchies ruled the area that is now Ethiopia from 980 B.C. to 1855, when the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia united in an empire under Tewodros II. Many Ethiopians still speak reverently about the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when they defeated Italian forces and won their freedom from colonial rule. Emperor Haile SELASSIE became an internationally renowned figure in 1935, when he unsuccessfully appealed to the League of Nations to prevent Italy from occupying Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. SELASSIE survived an attempted coup in 1960, annexed modern-day Eritrea in 1962, and played a leading role in establishing the Organization of African Unity in 1963. However, in 1974, a military junta called the Derg deposed him and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, drought, and massive displacement, the Derg regime was toppled in 1991 by a coalition of opposing forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF became an ethno-federalist political coalition that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 until its dissolution in 2019. Ethiopia adopted its constitution in 1994 and held its first multiparty elections in 1995. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in 2000. Ethiopia subsequently rejected the 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission demarcation. This resulted in more than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate between the two countries. In 2012, longtime Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in 2018, and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office the same year as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In 2018, ABIY promoted a rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement and a reopening of their shared border. In 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition, the EPRDF, merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party; however, the lead coalition party, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), declined to join. In 2020, a military conflict erupted between forces aligned with the TPLF and the Ethiopian military. The conflict -- which was marked by atrocities committed by all parties -- ended in 2022 with a cessation of hostilities agreement between the TPLF and the Ethiopian Government. However, Ethiopia continues to experience ethnic-based violence as other groups -- including the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) and Amhara militia Fano -- seek concessions from the Ethiopian Government.

Location
Eastern Africa, west of Somalia.
Climate
Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation.
Terrain
High plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley.
Highest point
Ras Dejen 4,550 m.
Lowest point
Danakil Depression -125 m.
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Land borders
Total: 5,925 km; border countries: Djibouti 342 km; Eritrea 1,033 km; Kenya 867 km; Somalia 1,640 km; South Sudan 1,299 km; Sudan 744 km.
Major rivers
Blue Nile river source (shared with Sudan [m]) - 1,600 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth.
Major lakes
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Tana - 3,600 sq km; Abaya Hayk - 1,160 sq km; Ch'amo Hayk - 550 sq km; salt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Kenya) - 6,400 sq km; Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad (shared with Djibouti) - 780 sq km;.
Natural resources
Small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower.
Land use
Agricultural land: 34.1% (2023 est.); arable land: 14.5% (2023 est.); permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.); permanent pasture: 17.7% (2023 est.); forest: 23.7% (2023 est.); other: 42.2% (2023 est.)
Natural hazards
Geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts volcanism: volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m) is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir.
Geographic note
The most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia.
Languages
Oromo (official regional working language) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official regional working language) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official regional working language) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official regional working language) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (2007 est.)
Religions
Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, other 0.8% (2016 est.)
Ethnic groups
Oromo 35.8%, Amhara 24.1%, Somali 7.2%, Tigray 5.7%, Sidama 4.1%, Guragie 2.6%, Welaita 2.3%, Afar 2.2%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 13.5% (2022 est.)
Economy
Low-income, fast-growing Horn of Africa economy; widespread poverty and food insecurity worsened by conflict and environmental factors; landlocked with tensions over seaport access; development aid supporting reforms to boost private-sector growth and financial stability; challenge of creating jobs for growing labor force.

From the CIA World Factbook (public domain), archived edition of 2026-01-22. The Factbook is no longer updated, so figures reflect that edition.

Ethiopia in Numbers

Population
135.47 million
2025
GDP
US$126.4 billion
2025
GDP per person
US$933
2025
Life expectancy
67.6 years
2024
Population growth
2.55% a year
2025
Population density
118 per km²
2024
Urban population
24.1%
2025
Surface area
1,129,819 km²
2024
Forest cover
23.8%
2024
Arable land
14.6%
2024
Access to electricity
56.6%
2024
Internet users
21.9%
2024

Indicators from World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0). The year under each figure is its reference year.

Ethiopia in Depth

History

Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of palaeontology. The oldest hominid discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) found by Tim D. White in 1994. The most well-known hominid discovery is Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Known locally as Dinkinesh, the specimen was found in the Awash Valley of Afar Region in 1974 by Donald Johanson, and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult Australopithecine fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.

Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens.

Geography

At 1,104,300 square kilometres (426,372.61 sq mi), Ethiopia is the world's 26th-largest country, comparable in size to Bolivia. It lies between the 3rd parallel north and the 15th parallel north and longitudes 33rd meridian east and 48th meridian east.

The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the Horn of Africa, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert.

Economy

Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under Meles Zenawi's administration.

According to the IMF, Ethiopia was one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009. It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008. In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.

In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia's growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high inflation and a difficult balance of payments situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose monetary policy, large civil service wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.

Demographics

Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world. Its total population has grown substantially in recent decades, rising from 38.1 million in 1983 to 135 M in 2025. The 2050 Ethiopia population forecast is 225 M. According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Ethiopia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Ethiopia: Key Facts

Key facts about Ethiopia
Currencybir
Official languageAmharic
Head of stateTaye Atske Selassie
Head of governmentAbiy Ahmed
Form of governmentfederal republic
Calling code+251
Internet domain.et
Highest pointRas Dashen
Lowest pointDanakil Depression
Established21 August 1995

Facts from Wikidata Q115 (CC0).

History of Ethiopia: Empires and States

The atlas records 8 polities whose mapped territory included part of Ethiopia, from Kingdom of Axum in 50 BCE to 2024 CE. They are listed in the order they first appear.

Polities that held Ethiopia, in chronological order
PolityPeriod here
Kingdom of Axum50 BCE – 946 CE
The Kingdom of Aksum100–940 CE
Ethiopian Empire1272–1935 CE
Ifat Sultanate1285–1414 CE
Adal Sultanate1415–1546 CE
Sultanate of Harar1547–1578 CE
Khedivate of Egypt1877–1884 CE
Ethiopia1942–2024 CE

Historical Maps of Ethiopia

Ethiopia on the world map in each year one of these states held it:

Derived by testing mapped cities against dated territorial polygons. Dates are when the polygons cover this place, not the polity's whole lifespan, and polities absent from the source dataset are not listed.

Visiting Ethiopia

Travelers to Ethiopia (Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōpyā) experience a country divided into two: in the north and east the focus is on cultural heritage, while in the south there are several national parks and lakes in the area of the East African Rift with their flora and fauna as well as the habitat of several indigenous peoples.

Ethiopia is Africa's third-most populous country (after Nigeria and Egypt), oldest independent country and one of only two never colonised by a European power, save for a short Italian occupation in the 1930s and 1940s.

Travel notes adapted from Wikivoyage: Ethiopia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Largest Cities in Ethiopia

34 cities recorded. Ranked by metropolitan population. A port city's harbour is written up on the page of its sea.

Largest Cities in Ethiopia
#NamePopulation
1Addis Ababa3.10 million
2Nazret476,892
3Dire Dawa252,279
4Bahir Dar206,748
5Dese183,802
6Harar174,994
7Gondar156,230
8Awasa133,097
9Jima128,306
10Giyon114,534
11Shashemene114,350
12Adigrat104,021
13Mekele95,856
14Hosaina89,300
15Asela82,240
16Gode75,000
17Nekemte73,018
18Debre Markos70,758
19Arba Minch69,622
20Sodo65,737
21Debre Birhan65,231
22Jijiga56,821
23Aksum47,487
24Dila47,021
25Hagere Hiywet43,920
The other 9 (population, region, role)
  1. Yirga Alem · 36,292 · Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples · Populated place
  2. Goba · 34,369 · Addis Ababa · Admin-1 capital
  3. Gimbi · 31,809 · Addis Ababa · Populated place
  4. Asosa · 30,512 · Benshangul-Gumaz · Populated place
  5. Dembi Dolo · 27,780 · Addis Ababa · Populated place
  6. Bati · 19,260 · Amhara · Populated place
  7. Dolo Bay · 11,810 · Somali · Populated place
  8. Nagele · 11,772 · Addis Ababa · Populated place
  9. Gore · 9,352 · Addis Ababa · Admin-1 capital

Highest Mountains in Ethiopia

8 mountains recorded. Ranked by summit elevation above sea level. A summit on a border is listed under both countries.

More on these mountains →
Highest Mountains in Ethiopia
#NameElevation
1Ras Dejen4,533 m
2Talo4,413 m
3Mount Batu4,307 m
4Amba Farit4,270 m
5Gugu3,626 m
6Argun3,418 m
7Muleta3,405 m
8Moussa Ali2,021 m

Major Dams in Ethiopia

1 dam recorded. Ranked by structural height.

Major Dams in Ethiopia
#NameHeight
1Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)145 m

Largest Lakes in Ethiopia

9 lakes recorded. Ranked by mapped surface area. A lake on a border is listed under each country it lies in, with the area of the whole lake.

More on these lakes →
Largest Lakes in Ethiopia
#NameSurface Area
1Lake Turkana7,747 km²
2Lake Tana3,154 km²
3Lake Abaya1,126 km²
4Chew Bahir755 km²
5Lake Abbe339 km²
6Lake Chamo335 km²
7Lake Koka165 km²
8Lake Gemeri66 km²
9Lake Adobed14 km²

Rivers in Ethiopia

9 rivers recorded. Listed alphabetically. A river is listed where its mapped reach lies, so long rivers appear under more than one country.

Rivers in Ethiopia
NameType
AbayRiver
AkoboRiver
AwashRiver
GenaleRiver
JubbaRiver
OmoRiver
SetitRiver
ShebeleRiver
SobatRiver

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

9 World Heritage Sites recorded. Listed by year of inscription, earliest first. Sites shared with another country appear under each.

More on these World Heritage Sites →
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
#NameInscribed
1Monolithic churches in Lalibela1978
2Simien Mountains National Park1978
3Fasil Ghebbi1979
4Axum1980
5Lower Valley of the Awash1980
6Omo River1980
7Tiya archaeological site1980
8Bale Mountains National Park2023
9The Gedeo Cultural Landscape2023

Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Ethiopia

8 mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms recorded. Ranked by mapped area. Covers mountain ranges, deserts, plateaus, named glaciers, plains, basins, peninsulas and capes. One that crosses a border is listed under every country it lies in, with the area of the whole feature.

More on these mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms →
Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Ethiopia
#NameArea
1Africa29.41M km²
2Ethiopian Highlands638,304 km²
3Somali Peninsula295,787 km²
4Great Rift Valley96,671 km²
5Danakil3,542 km²
6Eastern Desert835 km²
7Ahmar Mountains258 km²
8Ogaden41 km²

States and Provinces of Ethiopia

3 first-level divisions with their own map.

Countries Bordering Ethiopia

Land and maritime neighbours.

More Maps in Africa

Ethiopia: Quick Answers

What is the capital of Ethiopia?
The capital of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa.
What is the population of Ethiopia?
Ethiopia has a population of about 135.47 million, the #10 largest of 225 countries in YearMaps. Source: World Bank, 2025.
How big is Ethiopia?
Ethiopia covers 1.10M km², ranking #28 by area, with about 123 people per square kilometre.
Which continent is Ethiopia in?
Ethiopia is in Africa.
Which countries border Ethiopia?
Ethiopia shares a land or maritime border with Kenya, South Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan.
What is the largest city in Ethiopia?
Addis Ababa is the largest city in Ethiopia, with a metropolitan population of about 3.10 million.
What is the highest mountain in Ethiopia?
The highest summit recorded for Ethiopia in YearMaps is Ras Dejen at 4,533 m (14,872 ft). Summits on a border are counted for both countries.
What is the largest lake in Ethiopia?
The largest lake recorded in or bordering Ethiopia is Lake Turkana, at roughly 7,747 km².
What are the famous wonders and monuments of Ethiopia?
Ethiopia's great monuments in YearMaps are Church of Saint George (Lalibela). Each is written up on this page with photographs and its history.
What is the tallest dam in Ethiopia?
The tallest dam recorded for Ethiopia is Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) at 145 m, on the Blue Nile.