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Map of Poland

Poland is a country in Europe with its capital at Warsaw, home to about 36.44 million people across 312,683 km². The interactive map below plots 24 cities and towns, 4 rivers, 2 lakes, 1 mountain summits and 8 ports recorded for Poland in YearMaps.

Population
36.44 million
#44 of 225 · World Bank, 2025
Area
312,683 km²
#72 by area
Capital
Warsaw
Largest city: Katowice
Continent
Europe
117 people per km²

Interactive Map of Poland

5.2

Centred on Warsaw at 52.2520° N, 20.9980° E. Use the layer panel to switch on rivers, dams, ports, peaks and historical borders.

About Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.

Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity in 966 under the auspices of the Catholic Church. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.

With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. At the end of World War I in 1918, Poland regained its independence with the founding of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the invasion by the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties as well as extensive border and demographic changes. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the 1980 emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, which initiated the fall of the Iron Curtain, the communist government was dissolved and Poland as the first of the communist countries re-established itself as a liberal democracy in 1989, and held free elections.

Summary adapted from Wikipedia: Poland (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Poland
Image via Wikimedia Commons.

Geography and Climate of Poland

Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorder weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.

Location
Central Europe, east of Germany.
Climate
Temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers.
Terrain
Mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border.
Highest point
Rysy 2,499 m.
Lowest point
Near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m.
Coastline
440 km.
Land borders
Total: 2,865 km; border countries: Belarus 375 km; Czechia 699 km; Germany 467 km; Lithuania 100 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Slovakia 517 km; Ukraine 498 km.
Major rivers
Wisla (Vistula) river source and mouth (shared with Belarus and Ukraine) - 1,213 km note: longest river in Poland.
Major lakes
Salt water lake(s): Zalew Szczecinski/Stettiner Haff (shared with Germany) - 900 sq km.
Natural resources
Coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land.
Land use
Agricultural land: 47.6% (2023 est.); arable land: 36.6% (2023 est.); permanent crops: 1.1% (2023 est.); permanent pasture: 9.8% (2023 est.); forest: 31% (2023 est.); other: 21% (2023 est.)
Natural hazards
Flooding.
Geographic note
Historically an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain.
Languages
Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2% (2011 est.)
Religions
Roman Catholic 70.7%, refused to answer 20.9%, no religion 6.9%; less than 1 percent: Orthodox, Jehovah Witness, Evangelic of Augsburg, Greek Catholic, Pentecostal, other Protestant, not stated, old Catholic Mariavite Church, other Christians, Islam, Buddhist, Polish Catholic Church, other, Baptist Union of Poland, Pagan, Seventh Day Adventist, Hindu, other Catholic (2021 est.)
Ethnic groups
Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)
Economy
High-income, diversified, EU-member economy; significant growth in GDP, trade, and investment since joining EU in 2004; private consumption and EU-funded public investments driving GDP growth; increased social spending, flooding recovery costs, and defense spending have added to public debt.

From the CIA World Factbook (public domain), archived edition of 2026-01-22. The Factbook is no longer updated, so figures reflect that edition.

Poland in Numbers

Population
36.44 million
2025
GDP
US$1.04 trillion
2025
GDP per person
US$28,420
2025
Life expectancy
78.4 years
2024
Population growth
-0.34% a year
2025
Population density
119 per km²
2024
Urban population
60.1%
2025
Surface area
313,940 km²
2024
Forest cover
31.0%
2024
Arable land
36.5%
2024
Access to electricity
100.0%
2024
Internet users
88.6%
2024

Indicators from World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0). The year under each figure is its reference year.

Poland in Depth

History

The first Stone Age archaic humans and Homo erectus species settled what was to become Poland approximately 500,000 years ago, though the ensuing hostile climate prevented early humans from founding more permanent encampments. The arrival of Homo sapiens and anatomically modern humans coincided with the climatic discontinuity at the end of the Last Glacial Period (Northern Polish glaciation 10,000 BC), when Poland became habitable. Neolithic excavations indicated broad-ranging development in that era; the earliest evidence of European cheesemaking (5500 BC) was discovered in Polish Kuyavia, and the Bronocice pot is incised with the earliest known depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (3400 BC).

Geography

Poland covers an administrative area of 312,722 km2 (120,743 sq mi), and is the ninth-largest country in Europe. Approximately 311,895 km2 (120,423 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 2,041 km2 (788 sq mi) is internal waters and 8,783 km2 (3,391 sq mi) is territorial sea. Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms, water bodies and ecosystems. The central and northern region bordering the Baltic Sea lie within the flat Central European Plain, but its south is hilly and mountainous. The average elevation above the sea level is estimated at 173 metres.

The country has a coastline spanning 770 km (480 mi); extending from the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the Bay of Pomerania in the west to the Gulf of Gdańsk in the east.

Economy

Poland has a social market economy and is a regional economic power in East-Central Europe. As of 2025, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards, the fifth largest by purchasing power parity, and ranks 20th globally. It is one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018. The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU. As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector, thus manifesting a highly diversified economy.

Demographics

Poland has a population of approximately 38.2 million as of 2021, and is the ninth-most populous country in Europe, as well as the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. It has a population density of 122 inhabitants per square kilometre (320 inhabitants/mi2). The total fertility rate was estimated at 1.2 children born to a woman in 2023, which is among the world's lowest. Furthermore, Poland's population is aging significantly, and the country has a median age of 42.2.

Around 60% of the country's population lives in urban areas or major cities and 40% in rural zones.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Poland (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Poland: Key Facts

Key facts about Poland
Currencyzłoty
Official languagePolish
Head of stateKarol Nawrocki
Head of governmentDonald Tusk
Form of governmentparliamentary system, unitary state
Calling code+48
Internet domain.pl
Highest pointRysy
Lowest pointŻuławy Wiślane
Established11 November 1918

Facts from Wikidata Q36 (CC0).

History of Poland: Empires and States

The atlas records 40 polities whose mapped territory included part of Poland, from Goths in 43 CE to 2024 CE. They are listed in the order they first appear.

Polities that held Poland, in chronological order
PolityPeriod here
Goths43–206 CE
Burgundians224–346 CE
Lombards490–499 CE
Great Moravia875–895 CE
Duchy of Bohemia960–989 CE
Kingdom of Poland962–1449 CE
Duchies of Poland1139–1304 CE
Duchy of Sandomierz1139–1304 CE
Duchy of Silesia1139–1304 CE
Duchy of Masovia1139–1351 CE
Duchy of Wrocław1169–1201 CE
Duchy of Greater Poland1177–1235 CE
Duchy of Opole1202–1304 CE
Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire1236–1452 CE
The Holy Roman Empire1236–1647 CE
Teutonic Order1250–1525 CE
Kingdom of Bohemia1305–1528 CE
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom1395–1449 CE
Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire1422–1458 CE
House of Jagiellon1450–1571 CE
House of Habsburg1453–1458 CE
Kingdom of Hungary1475–1491 CE
Duchy of Prussia1526–1618 CE
Kingdom of Spain1529–1555 CE
The Spanish Empire1529–1555 CE
Habsburg Monarchy1556–1805 CE
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth1572–1793 CE
Brandenburg-Prussia1619–1717 CE
Kingdom of Prussia1702–1806 CE
Pro-Swedish Poland1706–1712 CE
The Russian Empire1762–1915 CE
Austrian Empire1806–1867 CE
Confederation of the Rhine1809–1814 CE
German Confederation1815–1867 CE
German Empire1871–1919 CE
Second Polish Republic1919–1939 CE
Weimar Republic1920–1935 CE
Nazi Germany1936–1944 CE
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics1945–1952 CE
Republic of Poland1953–2024 CE

Historical Maps of Poland

Poland on the world map in each year one of these states held it:

Derived by testing mapped cities against dated territorial polygons. Dates are when the polygons cover this place, not the polity's whole lifespan, and polities absent from the source dataset are not listed.

Visiting Poland

Poland (Polish: Polska) has an eventful history, and a strong basis for its bourgeoning tourism industry. it offers a fair share of countryside, vibrant urbanity, and a culture in connection to its thousand-year history.

Its heritage is reflected in its architecture, museums, galleries and monuments. Its landscape is varied, and extends from the Baltic Sea coast in the north to the Tatra Mountains in the south. In between, lush primeval forests are home to fascinating species of animals including bison in Białowieża; beautiful lakes and rivers for various water-sports, the best known of which are in Warmińsko-Mazurskie; rolling hills; flat plains; and deserts. Among Poland's cities you can find the perfectly preserved Gothic old town of Toruń, Hanseatic heritage in Gdańsk and evidence of the 19th-century industrial boom in Łódź.

Creative and enterprising, Poles continually come up with various ideas for events and festivals, and new buildings and institutions spring up almost before your eyes, so that every time you come back, you are bound to discover something new.

Travel notes adapted from Wikivoyage: Poland (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Largest Cities in Poland

24 cities recorded. Ranked by metropolitan population. A port city's harbour is written up on the page of its sea.

Largest Cities in Poland
#NamePopulation
1Katowice2.75 million
2Warsaw1.71 million
3Łódź758,000
4Kraków756,000
5Gdańsk740,000
6Bytom662,247
7Wrocław634,893
8Poznań623,997
9Gliwice507,670
10Szczecin407,811
11Bydgoszcz366,452
12Lublin360,044
13Gdynia314,664
14Białystok291,855
15Rzeszów245,686
16Kielce215,733
17Olsztyn186,670
18Opole131,412
19Elbląg127,558
20Zielona Góra118,433
21Koszalin107,450
22Grudziądz102,443
23Inowrocław79,007
24Ełk55,769

Highest Mountains in Poland

1 mountain recorded. Ranked by summit elevation above sea level. A summit on a border is listed under both countries.

Highest Mountains in Poland
#NameElevation
1Sněžka1,603 m
Sněžka
Image via Wikimedia Commons (author and licence on the file page).

Sněžka

Mountain · 1,603 m

Sněžka is a mountain rising to 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) in Czechia and Poland, in the Europe region. The summit stands on the border between them. From PeakBagger.com, with kind permission..

Sněžka (Czech pronunciation: [ˈsɲɛʃka] ) or Śnieżka (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɕɲɛʂka]; German: Schneekoppe) is a mountain on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland, the most prominent point of the Silesian Ridge in the Giant Mountains. At 1,603.3 metres (5,260 ft), its summit is the highest point in the Czech Republic, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in the Giant Mountains and in the entire Sudetes.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Sněžka (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Elevation
1,603 m (5,259 ft)
Global rank
#482 of 641 indexed
Region
Europe (#53)
Countries
Czechia, Poland
Coordinates
50.7400°, 15.7100°

Of the 641 named summits indexed in YearMaps, Sněžka ranks #482 by elevation, below Mount Katahdin (1,606 m) and above Volna (1,585 m).

Ranges:
Erzgebirge (Europe), Böhmerwald (Europe)
Settlements below:
Wrocław (101 km), Zielona Góra (135 km), Opole (157 km)

View on the live map

More about Sněžka

History

Sněžka was one of the first European mountains visited by many tourists. This was mainly due to the relatively minor technical difficulties of the ascent and the fact that since the sixteenth century, many resort visitors flocked to the nearby Bad Warmbrunn (today: Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój) and the highly visible Sněžka, visually dominant over all Giant Mountains was for them an important attraction.

The first historical account of an ascent to the peak is in 1456, by an unknown Venetian merchant searching for precious stones. The first settlements on the mountain soon appeared, being primarily mining communities, tapping into its deposits of copper, iron and arsenic. The mining shafts, totalling 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) in length, remain to this day.

Climate

Due to high altitude the climate is maritime polar (Köppen: ET) not far from a continental subpolar climate (Dfc). The difference should be at least 6 °C lower on annual average compared to the weather station in the plains.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Sněžka (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Sněžka: Key Facts

Key facts about Sněžka
Topographic prominence1,197 m
Mountain rangeGiant Mountains

Facts from Wikidata Q617511 (CC0).

Largest Lakes in Poland

2 lakes recorded. Ranked by mapped surface area. A lake on a border is listed under each country it lies in, with the area of the whole lake.

Largest Lakes in Poland
#NameSurface Area
1Kaliningradskiy Zaliv400 km²
2Jezioro Dabie50 km²
Kaliningradskiy Zaliv
Image via Wikimedia Commons (author and licence on the file page).

Kaliningradskiy Zaliv

Alkaline Lake · 400 km²

Kaliningradskiy Zaliv is a alkaline lake in Russia and Poland, with a mapped surface area of about 400 km².

The Vistula Lagoon is a brackish water lagoon on the Baltic Sea roughly 90 kilometres (56 mi) long, 10 to 24 kilometres (6 to 15 mi) wide, and up to 5 metres (17 ft) deep, separated from the Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is split between Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad exclave).

Adapted from Wikipedia: Vistula Lagoon (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Surface area
400 km²
Area rank
#351 of 756 indexed
Type
Alkaline Lake
Countries
Russia, Poland
Coordinates
54.6177°, 20.0299°

Among the 756 water bodies with a mapped extent in YearMaps, Kaliningradskiy Zaliv ranks #351 by surface area, after Leech Lake (402 km²) and ahead of Goose Lake (399 km²). Areas are computed from the mapped outline and are approximate.

Settlements on the shore:
Elbląg (63 km), Gdańsk (94 km), Olsztyn (96 km)
Watercourses:
Neman (River), Vistula (River)

View on the live map

More about Kaliningradskiy Zaliv

Geography

The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably Nogat and Szkarpawa, and of the Pregolya River.

The lagoon is split between Poland (including the localities of Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, and Krynica Morska) and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast (including the localities of Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk). Before 2022, the only water route from the lagoon out to the Gdańsk Bay was the Strait of Baltiysk, in Russia's portion of the lagoon. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that declined due to international tensions and silting. Between 2019 and 2022, Poland built the Vistula Spit canal in their own portion of the lagoon, to create another water route out of the lagoon.

History

From the first half of the 13th c. the lagoon was part of the State of the Teutonic Order. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. Following the peace treaty of 1466, it remained a part of Poland, with the western part forming part of the Polish provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland, and the eastern part being a Polish fief, held by the Teutonic Knights and Ducal Prussia. The surrounding area was inhabited by Poles, Germans and Kursenieki. Following the First Partition of Poland, the territory formed part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which became part of the German Empire in 1871. From 1920 to 1939 it was split between Germany and the Free City of Danzig.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Vistula Lagoon (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Kaliningradskiy Zaliv: Key Facts

Key facts about Kaliningradskiy Zaliv
Maximum depth5 m
InflowsŚwieża, Elbląg, Mamonovka River, Nelma, Primorskaya, Szkarpawa

Facts from Wikidata Q5605 (CC0).

Rivers in Poland

4 rivers recorded. Listed alphabetically. A river is listed where its mapped reach lies, so long rivers appear under more than one country.

Rivers in Poland
NameType
BugRiver
OderRiver
VistulaRiver
WartaRiver

Ports in Poland

8 ports recorded. Ranked by approach channel depth, the figure that limits which ships can call. Harbours link to their write-up on the page of the sea or coast they lie on.

Ports in Poland
#NameChannel Depth
1Ustka49.4 m
2Kolobrzeg49.4 m
3Darlowo45.7 m
4Szczecin42.1 m
5Police38.4 m
6Nowy Port34.7 m
7Swinoujscie27.4 m
8Gdynia27.4 m

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland

17 World Heritage Sites recorded. Listed by year of inscription, earliest first. Sites shared with another country appear under each.

See all 17 World Heritage Sites →
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland
#NameInscribed
1Kraków Old Town1978
2Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines1978
3Auschwitz1979
4Białowieża Forest1979
5Warsaw Old Town1980
6Old City of Zamość1992
7Malbork Castle1997
8Medieval Town of Toruń1997
9Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park1999
10Churches of Peace2001

Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Poland

4 mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms recorded. Ranked by mapped area. Covers mountain ranges, deserts, plateaus, named glaciers, plains, basins, peninsulas and capes. One that crosses a border is listed under every country it lies in, with the area of the whole feature.

More on these mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms →
Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Poland
#NameArea
1Europe11.24M km²
2Carpathian Mountains220,248 km²
3Sudetes Mountains12,345 km²
4Tatra Mountains56 km²

Countries Bordering Poland

Land and maritime neighbours.

More Maps in Europe

Poland: Quick Answers

What is the capital of Poland?
The capital of Poland is Warsaw.
What is the population of Poland?
Poland has a population of about 36.44 million, the #44 largest of 225 countries in YearMaps. Source: World Bank, 2025.
How big is Poland?
Poland covers 312,683 km², ranking #72 by area, with about 117 people per square kilometre.
Which continent is Poland in?
Poland is in Europe.
Which countries border Poland?
Poland shares a land or maritime border with Lithuania, Russia, Germany, Belarus, Ukraine, Czechia, Slovakia.
What is the largest city in Poland?
Katowice is the largest city in Poland, with a metropolitan population of about 2.75 million.
What is the highest mountain in Poland?
The highest summit recorded for Poland in YearMaps is Sněžka at 1,603 m (5,259 ft). Summits on a border are counted for both countries.
What is the largest lake in Poland?
The largest lake recorded in or bordering Poland is Kaliningradskiy Zaliv, at roughly 400 km².