From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The Tulunid State, also known as the Tulunid Emirate or the State of Banu Tulun, and popularly referred to as the Tulunids was a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled Egypt on behalf of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Turks is mapped in the atlas for 666 CE – 756 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 967,663 km².
The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and India in the 4th and 5th centuries.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, was a federative real union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.
The Almohad Caliphate or Almohad Empire was a North African Muslim empire ruled by a Berber dynasty from 1130 to 1269, which at its height controlled much of the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus).
Eastern Moghulistan is mapped in the atlas for 1519 CE – 1686 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 938,660 km².
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.
Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and officially as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, was a multi-national empire in Central Europe under a constitutional dual monarchy that existed between 1867 and 1918.
The Chalukya dynasty was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 732 CE – 1039 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 919,187 km².
The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC.
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south.
Zhou, known as the Later Zhou in historiography, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty and the last of the Five Dynasties that controlled most of northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Magnus Eriksson was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360.
Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912.
The Satavahanas, also referred to as the Andhras in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty.
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.
Emirate of Afghanistan is mapped in the atlas for 1828 CE – 1925 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 884,155 km².
Shu Han is mapped in the atlas for 224 CE – 262 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 880,369 km².
Wei, known in historiography as the Western Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei.
The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the second republican formation of the government of France.
Haakon VI was King of Norway from 1343 until his death and King of Sweden between 1362 and 1364.
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 and 1815.
Francoist Spain is mapped in the atlas for 1939 CE – 1975 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 854,238 km².
The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the democratic government of Spain from 1931 to 1939.
The Khanate of Khiva was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.
The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central parts of India, between 35 and 415 CE.
The Saadi Sultanate, also known as the Sharifian Sultanate, was a state which ruled present-day Morocco and parts of Northwest Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Qi, known as the Northern Qi, Later Qi (後齊) or Gao Qi (高齊) in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and one of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era.
The Four Oirats or Oirat Confederation, formerly known as the Eleuths, was the confederation of the Oirat tribes which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in the history of the Mongolian Plateau.
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa.
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the Southern Cone of southwestern South America.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
The Iberian Union, or the Hispanic Monarchy, describes the period from 1580 to 1640 in which the Monarchy of Spain under the Habsburg dynasty, then the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, brought in personal union also the Kingdom of Portugal.
The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway is mapped in the atlas for 1815 CE – 1904 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 804,282 km².
The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, and western Kazakhstan.
The Mahājanapadas were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.
The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.
The Sokoto Caliphate, also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa.
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma, is a country in northwest Southeast Asia.
The Shaishunaga dynasty was possibly the second ruling dynasty of Magadha.
Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Nanzhao, also spelled Nanchao, was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southwestern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries, during the mid/late Tang dynasty.
The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.
Jin, known as the Later Jìn or the Shi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Later Han is mapped in the atlas for 947 CE – 959 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 790,319 km².
The Indo-Greek Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom, were Hellenistic-era Greek kingdoms in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent covering most of modern-day Pakistan, parts of northwestern India and some eastern parts of Afghanistan.
Mozambique is mapped in the atlas for 1976 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 784,529 km².
Southern Tang was a dynastic state of China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Yan, known in historiography as the Former Yan, was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Murong clan of the Xianbei during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek monarchy in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Shaybanid dynasty, a branch of the Abu'l-Khayrids.
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.
Pro-Swedish Poland is mapped in the atlas for 1706 CE – 1712 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 758,657 km².
The Directory was the system of government established by the French Constitution of 1795.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries.
Habsburg Monarchy is mapped in the atlas for 1459 CE – 1805 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 752,168 km².
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