Early Middle Ages1.4M km²
Pala Empire
The Pāla Empire was an early medieval Indian empire ruled by the Pāla dynasty.
- Active Epoch:
- 750 CE – 1168 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mahipal, MurshidabadVarious,
- Government:
Planetary Historical Sovereign Registry
Empires & Sovereign States
From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
Polities Indexed
1,612 Polities
Across 5 Continents
Largest Land Realm
24.0M km²
Mongol Empire
Largest Maritime Realm
35.5M km²
British Empire (1921)
Vector Attribution
Cliopatria
13,800+ dated border shapes · CC BY 4.0
Showing 60 of 60 superpowers
Epoch:
High & Late Middle Ages1.3M km²
Mamluk Dynasty
Mamluk Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 1210 CE – 1293 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,344,819 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1210 CE – 1293 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Delhi
- Government:
Industrial Era1.3M km²
New Granada
New Granada is mapped in the atlas for 1811 CE – 1821 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,341,011 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1811 CE – 1821 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.3M km²
Kingdom of the Franks
The Kingdom of the Franks, also known as the Frankish Kingdom or Francia, was the largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe.
- Active Epoch:
- 462 CE – 849 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Aachen
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.3M km²
Carolingian Empire
The Kingdom of the Franks, also known as the Frankish Kingdom or Francia, was the largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe.
- Active Epoch:
- 718 CE – 989 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Aachen
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.3M km²
Kara-Khanids
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 850 CE – 1045 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Balasagun
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.3M km²
Han
大漢 (Dà Hàn)
The golden age of classical Chinese civilization, founding the imperial civil service, inventing paper, and establishing the trans-Eurasian Silk Road.
- Active Epoch:
- 202 BCE – 9 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chang'an
- Government:
- Bureaucratic Imperial Monarchy (Confucian Legalism)
Early Middle Ages1.3M km²
Buyid Dynasty
The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin.
- Active Epoch:
- 936 CE – 1055 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Shiraz,
- Government:
Industrial Era1.3M km²
Second French Empire
Empire colonial français
The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.
- Active Epoch:
- 1534 CE – 1980 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Paris
- Government:
- Constitutional Republic / Imperial Monarchy (Napoleonic)
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.3M km²
Kingdom of Spain
Monarquía Hispánica / Imperio Español
The pioneering global maritime empire where the sun never set, connecting Europe, the Americas, and the Philippines across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
- Active Epoch:
- 1492 CE – 1898 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Madrid
- Government:
- Composite Monarchy / Catholic Imperial Crown
High & Late Middle Ages1.3M km²
Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret I of Denmark.
- Active Epoch:
- 1402 CE – 1525 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Oslo
- Government:
Industrial Era1.3M km²
Republic of Chad
Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1961 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- N'Djamena
- Government:
Industrial Era1.3M km²
People's Republic of Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the western coast of Southern Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1976 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Luanda
- Government:
Industrial Era1.3M km²
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1942 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Addis Ababa
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.3M km²
Sur Empire
The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan-origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram serving as its capital.
- Active Epoch:
- 1540 CE – 1594 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Sasaram Delhi
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.2M km²
Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire
East Francia or the Kingdom of the East Franks was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
- Active Epoch:
- 850 CE – 921 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Various, including Frankfurt and Ratisbon
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.2M km²
Alliance between Ostrogothic Kingdom and Visigothic Kingdom
The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.
- Active Epoch:
- 500 CE – 554 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ravenna
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
First French Empire
Empire colonial français
The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.
- Active Epoch:
- 1534 CE – 1980 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Paris
- Government:
- Constitutional Republic / Imperial Monarchy (Napoleonic)
Classical Antiquity1.2M km²
Eastern Kushans
The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the early 1st century CE.
- Active Epoch:
- 238 CE – 346 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- 1st Century BCE: Kapisa/Pushkalavati;, from 1st century CE: Purushapura/Mathura, 3rd and 4th centuries CE: Taxila
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
Granadine Confederation
The Granadine Confederation was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada.
- Active Epoch:
- 1859 CE – 1862 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Santafé de Bogotá
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
United States of Colombia
The United States of Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 by the Constitución de Rionegro for the Granadine Confederation, after years of civil war.
- Active Epoch:
- 1863 CE – 1865 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Bogotá
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
Republic of Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country located in South America, with insular regions in North America.
- Active Epoch:
- 1866 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Bogotá
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.2M km²
Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the intersection of Central, Western, and Southern Europe.
- Active Epoch:
- 1326 CE – 1458 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- None
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.2M km²
Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire
The Margraviate of Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806.
- Active Epoch:
- 1422 CE – 1458 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Brandenburg an der Havel
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.2M km²
Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire
The Kingdom of Bohemia, or just Bohemia sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.
- Active Epoch:
- 1202 CE – 1452 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Prague
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.2M km²
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 882 CE – 1240 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Kiev
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic was a country and sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971.
- Active Epoch:
- 1958 CE – 1972 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
British Gold Coast
The Colony of the Gold Coast was a British Crown colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa from 1821 until its independence as Ghana in 1957.
- Active Epoch:
- 1873 CE – 1960 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cape Coast
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.2M km²
West Franks
In medieval historiography, West Francia or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.
- Active Epoch:
- 850 CE – 989 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Laon
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.2M km²
House of Oldenburg
The House of Oldenburg is a German dynasty whose members rule or have ruled in Denmark, Iceland, Greece, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Livonia, Schleswig, Holstein, and Oldenburg.
- Active Epoch:
- 1450 CE – 1458 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.2M km²
Republic of the Niger
Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1961 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Niamey
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.2M km²
Northern Wei
Wei, known in historiography as the Northern Wei, Tuoba Wei, Yuan Wei and Later Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Tuoba (Tabgach) clan of the Xianbei.
- Active Epoch:
- 387 CE – 533 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Shengle
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.2M km²
Zengid dynasty
The Zengid dynasty was a Turkoman Sunni Muslim dynasty in the Middle East.
- Active Epoch:
- 1139 CE – 1259 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Multiple bases: Mosul
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.2M km²
Shunga Empire
The Shunga Empire was a ruling entity centred around Magadha and controlled most of the northern Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 75 BCE.
- Active Epoch:
- 170 BCE – 67 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Pataliputra
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.2M km²
Kanva Dynasty
The Kanva dynasty or Kanvavamsha was a ruling dynasty of Magadha, established after Vasudeva Kanva overthrew the preceding Shunga dynasty and ruled from 73 BCE to 28 BCE.
- Active Epoch:
- 66 BCE – 28 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Pataliputra and Besnagara
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.1M km²
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
The Rashtrakuta Empire was an early medieval Indian empire ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.
- Active Epoch:
- 755 CE – 989 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Manyakheta
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.1M km²
Ethiopian Empire
The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a country that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
- Active Epoch:
- 1272 CE – 1935 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- None
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.1M km²
Personal union of Holy Roman Empire with Kingdom of Sicily
Frederick II was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220, and King of Jerusalem from 1225 to 1228.
- Active Epoch:
- 1216 CE – 1259 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.1M km²
Emirate of Nejd
The second Saudi state, officially known as the Emirate of Najd, was a state that existed between 1824 and 1891 in the Najd region of what is now Saudi Arabia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1824 CE – 1925 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Riyadh
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.1M km²
Hamdanid Emirates
The Hamdanid dynasty was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled Upper Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).
- Active Epoch:
- 936 CE – 1259 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mardin
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.1M km²
East Turkestan
East Turkestan or East Turkistan is a loosely defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, on the cross roads of East and Central Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1463 CE – 1474 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.1M km²
Harsha's Empire
Harshavardhana was the emperor of Kannauj from April 606 until his death in 647.
- Active Epoch:
- 612 CE – 655 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.1M km²
Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c.
- Active Epoch:
- 1305 CE – 1401 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.1M km²
House of Jagiellon
The Jagiellonian dynasty, also known as the House of Jagiellon or simply the Jagiellons, was a Polish cadet branch of the Lithuanian ducal dynasty of Gediminids.
- Active Epoch:
- 1450 CE – 1571 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.1M km²
Mauritania
Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of West Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1961 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Nouakchott
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.0M km²
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century.
- Active Epoch:
- 261 CE – 269 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Palmyra
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.0M km²
Polish-Lithuania Kingdom
The Jagiellonian dynasty, also known as the House of Jagiellon or simply the Jagiellons, was a Polish cadet branch of the Lithuanian ducal dynasty of Gediminids.
- Active Epoch:
- 1395 CE – 1449 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.0M km²
Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1612 CE – 1814 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,024,796 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1612 CE – 1814 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Stockholm
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.0M km²
Avar Khaganate
The Pannonian Avars or Carpathian Avars were a confederation of Eurasian nomads.
- Active Epoch:
- 561 CE – 805 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.0M km²
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1947 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Islamabad
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.0M km²
Chen Dynasty
The Chen dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Chen in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.
- Active Epoch:
- 561 CE – 591 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Jiankang
- Government:
Industrial Era1.0M km²
Republic of Egypt
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula.
- Active Epoch:
- 1953 CE – 1957 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Industrial Era1.0M km²
Arab Republic of Egypt
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula.
- Active Epoch:
- 1973 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations1.0M km²
Spring and Autumn States
The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou, characterized by the gradual erosion of royal power as local lords nominally subject to the Zhou exercised increasing political autonomy.
- Active Epoch:
- 750 BCE – 481 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.0M km²
Kingdom of Egypt
Kingdom of Egypt is mapped in the atlas for 1922 CE – 1952 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,007,437 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1922 CE – 1952 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Industrial Era1.0M km²
Kingdom of Great Britain
The British Empire
The largest empire in human history by total land area, governing over 450 million subjects across all six inhabited continents as "the empire on which the sun never sets."
- Active Epoch:
- 1607 CE – 1997 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- London
- Government:
- Constitutional Monarchy / Parliamentary Empire
High & Late Middle Ages1.0M km²
Majapahit
Wilwatikta (ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀)
The greatest maritime thalassocracy of the Indonesian archipelago, uniting over 98 tributary states across Nusantara through Prime Minister Gajah Mada’s Palapa Oath.
- Active Epoch:
- 1293 CE – 1527 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Trowulan
- Government:
- Mandala Thalassocratic Maritime Empire
Industrial Era984,999 km²
First Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic, historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.
- Active Epoch:
- 1873 CE – 1876 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Madrid
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages984,464 km²
Eastern Kara-Khanids
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 1046 CE – 1138 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Balasagun
- Government:
Industrial Era974,190 km²
British Cape Colony
The Cape Colony, also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope.
- Active Epoch:
- 1796 CE – 1884 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cape Town
- Government:
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