Industrial Era2.0M km²
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
- Active Epoch:
- 1946 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Jakarta
- Government:
Planetary Historical Sovereign Registry
Empires & Sovereign States
From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
Polities Indexed
1,612 Polities
Across 5 Continents
Largest Land Realm
24.0M km²
Mongol Empire
Largest Maritime Realm
35.5M km²
British Empire (1921)
Vector Attribution
Cliopatria
13,800+ dated border shapes · CC BY 4.0
Showing 60 of 60 superpowers
Epoch:
High & Late Middle Ages2.0M km²
Ayyubid Sultanate
The Ayyubid dynasty, also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate.
- Active Epoch:
- 1177 CE – 1249 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Industrial Era2.0M km²
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies was a colony of the Dutch Empire, established in 1800 when the Batavian Republic took control of the Dutch East India Company.
- Active Epoch:
- 1800 CE – 1949 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Batavia,
- Government:
Industrial Era2.0M km²
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire, officially known as the Mexican Empire, was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists with the support of the Second French Empire.
- Active Epoch:
- 1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mexico City
- Government:
Industrial Era2.0M km²
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America.
- Active Epoch:
- 1868 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mexico City
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages2.0M km²
Allegiance of Ayyubid Sultanate to Abbasid Caliphate
The Ayyubid dynasty, also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate.
- Active Epoch:
- 1202 CE – 1249 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.9M km²
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate, also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty.
- Active Epoch:
- 911 CE – 1176 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Raqqada
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.9M km²
Kingdom of Portugal
Império Português
The pioneer of the European Age of Discovery, establishing a 5.5M-km² maritime chain of fortresses and trading posts from Brazil to Africa, India, Malacca, and Macau.
- Active Epoch:
- 1415 CE – 1999 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro
- Government:
- Maritime Mercantile Monarchy
Industrial Era1.9M km²
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia that occupies the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.
- Active Epoch:
- 1936 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Riyadh
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.9M km²
Liao Dynasty
The Liao dynasty, also known as the Khitan State, officially the Great Liao, was a Khitan-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Yelü clan that existed between 916 and 1125.
- Active Epoch:
- 911 CE – 1125 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Shangjing
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.9M km²
Almoravid Dynasty
The Almoravid dynasty was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco.
- Active Epoch:
- 1056 CE – 1205 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Aghmat
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.9M km²
Hotaki Dynasty
The Hotak Empire also known as the Hotaki Empire was an Afghan dynasty founded by Ghilji Pashtuns that briefly ruled parts of Iran and Afghanistan during the 1720s.
- Active Epoch:
- 1709 CE – 1737 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Kandahar
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.9M km²
Hunnic Empire
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries CE.
- Active Epoch:
- 426 CE – 673 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Attila's Court,
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.9M km²
Tibetans
Tibetans are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet.
- Active Epoch:
- 850 CE – 1259 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.9M km²
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate, also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with Cairo as its capital.
- Active Epoch:
- 1241 CE – 1518 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Cairo
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.8M km²
Blue Horde
The Blue Horde was a crucial component of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise in 1227.
- Active Epoch:
- 1363 CE – 1449 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.8M km²
Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America.
- Active Epoch:
- 1825 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Sucre
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.8M km²
Former Qin
Qin, known as the Former Qin and Fu Qin (苻秦) in historiography, was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Fu (Pu) clan of the Di peoples during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
- Active Epoch:
- 353 CE – 393 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chang'an
- Government:
Industrial Era1.8M km²
Qajar Dynasty
The Qajar dynasty is a formerly aristocratic Iranian dynasty that gained prominence with the rise of Shahverdi Sultan in the early 16th century as heads of the Turkoman Qajar tribe of the Qizilbash confederacy.
- Active Epoch:
- 1788 CE – 1923 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.8M km²
Northern Zhou
Zhou, known in historiography as the Northern Zhou, was a Xianbei-led dynasty of China that lasted from 557 to 581 AD.
- Active Epoch:
- 561 CE – 586 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chang'an
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.7M km²
Shaybanids
The Shibanids or Shaybanids, more accurately known as the Abul-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Uzbek origin who ruled over the Khanate of Bukhara, the Khanate of Khwarezm (Khiva), and the Khanate of Sibir.
- Active Epoch:
- 1497 CE – 1511 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.7M km²
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was a republic in the Southern United States from 1861 to 1865, unrecognized as a sovereign nation by either foreign governments or the United States.
- Active Epoch:
- 1861 CE – 1865 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Richmond
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.7M km²
Khalji Dynasty
The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was the second ruling house of the Delhi Sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320.
- Active Epoch:
- 1294 CE – 1325 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Delhi, Kilokhri
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.7M km²
Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation.
- Active Epoch:
- 1407 CE – 1511 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tabriz
- Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations1.7M km²
Scythia
Scythia is mapped in the atlas for 650 BCE – 224 BCE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,687,837 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 650 BCE – 224 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Kamianka
- Government:
Industrial Era1.7M km²
Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata, also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda.
- Active Epoch:
- 1811 CE – 1833 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.7M km²
Mahameghavahana Dynasty
The Mahameghavahana dynasty 2nd or 1st century BCE to early 4th century CE) was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Maurya Empire.
- Active Epoch:
- 170 BCE – 165 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Toshali, Kalinganagara
- Government:
Industrial Era1.7M km²
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
The third Saudi state is the current Saudi state and successor to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman, who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902.
- Active Epoch:
- 1926 CE – 1935 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Riyadh
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.6M km²
Warring States China
The Warring States period in Chinese history comprises the final centuries of the Zhou dynasty, which were characterized by warfare, bureaucratic and military reform, and political consolidation.
- Active Epoch:
- 480 BCE – 219 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.6M km²
Zhai
The Qin dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China.
- Active Epoch:
- 208 BCE – 204 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Xianyang
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and historically known as Persia, is a country in West Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1979 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tehran
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Pahlavi Dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty that was the last to rule Iran before the country's monarchy was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
- Active Epoch:
- 1924 CE – 1978 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tehran
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Libyan Arab Republic
Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.
- Active Epoch:
- 1969 CE – 2013 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Kingdom of Libya
The Kingdom of Libya, known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 1953 CE – 1968 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tripoli, Benghazi, Bayda
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
State of Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
- Active Epoch:
- 2014 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tripoli
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.6M km²
Tibet
While the Tibetan Plateau has been inhabited since pre-historic times, most of Tibet's history went unrecorded until the creation of Tibetan script in the 7th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 1363 CE – 1952 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.6M km²
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic, formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.
- Active Epoch:
- 1056 CE – 1481 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Novgorod
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.6M km²
Alliance between Western Roman Empire and Visigothic Kingdom
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the Roman Empire's western provinces collectively during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
- Active Epoch:
- 426 CE – 475 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mediolanum,
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.6M km²
Zand Dynasty
The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty founded by Karim Khan Zand of the Zand tribe of the Laks who ruled over Zand Iran.
- Active Epoch:
- 1748 CE – 1793 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was the Mongolian communist state that existed from 1924 to 1992 that self-designated first as a people's democratic state and later as a socialist state.
- Active Epoch:
- 1926 CE – 1991 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ulaanbaatar
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.6M km²
Great Mongol State
Yeke Monggol Ulus
The largest contiguous land empire in world history, uniting the entire Eurasian landmass from the Sea of Japan to the Danube River under the Pax Mongolica.
- Active Epoch:
- 1206 CE – 1368 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Avarga
- Government:
- Nomadic confederated kurultai / imperial monarchy
Industrial Era1.6M km²
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1992 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ulaanbaatar
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.6M km²
Nanda Empire
The Nanda Empire was a vast empire that governed in Magadha and Gangetic plains with an enormous geographical reach in 4th-century BCE northeastern India, with some accounts suggesting existence as far back as the 5th century BCE.
- Active Epoch:
- 333 BCE – 319 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Pataliputra
- Government:
Early Middle Ages1.6M km²
Later Tang
大唐 (Dà Táng)
The cosmopolitan Golden Age of medieval Chinese civilization, celebrated for poetic genius, woodblock printing, Buddhist pilgrimages, and the Pax Sinica.
- Active Epoch:
- 618 CE – 907 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chang'an
- Government:
- Three Departments and Six Ministries Imperial Bureaucracy
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations1.5M km²
Qin
Qin was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty.
- Active Epoch:
- 750 BCE – 219 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Quanqiu, Qinyi, Qian, Pingyang, Yong, Jingyang, Yueyang, Xianyang
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.5M km²
Allegiance of Delhi Sultanate to Abbasid Caliphate
The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.
- Active Epoch:
- 1210 CE – 1259 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Delhi
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.5M km²
Indo-Scythians
The Indo-Scythians, also known as Indo-Sakas, were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the present-day regions of Afghanistan, eastern Iran and the northwestern Indian subcontinent.
- Active Epoch:
- 144 BCE – 282 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.5M km²
First Toungoo Empire
The First Toungoo Empire, also known as the Second Burmese Empire in traditional historiography, or simply the Taungoo dynasty, was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia in the second half of the 16th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 1502 CE – 1756 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Toungoo
- Government:
Industrial Era1.5M km²
Republic of Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
- Active Epoch:
- 1822 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Lima
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.5M km²
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries CE.
- Active Epoch:
- 106 CE – 425 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Attila's Court,
- Government:
Industrial Era1.4M km²
Mali Federation
The Mali Federation was a federation in West Africa that linked the French colonies of Senegal and the Sudanese Republic for two months in 1960.
- Active Epoch:
- 1960 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Dakar
- Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations1.4M km²
Assyrian Egypt
The Assyrian conquest of Egypt covered a relatively short period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 673 to 663 BCE.
- Active Epoch:
- 650 BCE – 616 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era1.4M km²
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany or the Second Reich, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when Germany changed its form of government to a republic.
- Active Epoch:
- 1871 CE – 1919 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Berlin
- Government:
Industrial Era1.4M km²
Republic of New Granada
The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858.
- Active Epoch:
- 1834 CE – 1858 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Santa Fé de Bogotá
- Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations1.4M km²
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
- Active Epoch:
- 900 BCE – 601 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Assur
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.4M km²
Eastern Wu
Wu, known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China during the Three Kingdoms period.
- Active Epoch:
- 207 CE – 282 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Wuchang,
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery1.4M km²
Moghulistan
Moghulistan is mapped in the atlas for 1463 CE – 1518 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,383,470 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1463 CE – 1518 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Almaliq
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.4M km²
Cao Cao
Cao Cao, courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty, ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government.
- Active Epoch:
- 197 CE – 223 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages1.4M km²
Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary
Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland was achieved twice: under Louis I of Hungary, in 1370–1382, and under Władysław III of Poland in 1440–1444.
- Active Epoch:
- 1440 CE – 1449 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Kraków and Visegrád
- Government:
Classical Antiquity1.4M km²
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Bactria was a Greek kingdom during the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia and Afghanistan.
- Active Epoch:
- 247 BCE – 127 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Bactra, Ai-Khanoum
- Government:
🏛️
No Superpowers Match Filter
Try clearing search terms or selecting another epoch filter button above.