Industrial Era8.5M km²
Republic of Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America.
- Active Epoch:
- 1987 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Brasília
- Government:
Planetary Historical Sovereign Registry
Empires & Sovereign States
From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
Polities Indexed
1,612 Polities
Across 5 Continents
Largest Land Realm
24.0M km²
Mongol Empire
Largest Maritime Realm
35.5M km²
British Empire (1921)
Vector Attribution
Cliopatria
13,800+ dated border shapes · CC BY 4.0
Showing 60 of 60 superpowers
Epoch:
Industrial Era8.5M km²
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828.
- Active Epoch:
- 1822 CE – 1889 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Rio de Janeiro
- Government:
Industrial Era8.4M km²
Republic of China
The Republic of China established its governance over mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial history.
- Active Epoch:
- 1912 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- ubli
- Government:
Industrial Era8.4M km²
Empire of China
The Empire of China, also known in historiography as the Hongxian regime in certain contexts, was a short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor.
- Active Epoch:
- 1916 CE – 1916 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Beijing
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages8.3M km²
Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire
The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.
- Active Epoch:
- 1385 CE – 1401 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Sarai
- Government:
Industrial Era8.2M km²
Commonwealth of Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
- Active Epoch:
- 1905 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Canberra
- Government:
Industrial Era8.1M km²
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- Active Epoch:
- 1917 CE – 1929 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Middle Ages7.7M km²
Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate
The Ziyadid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty that ruled western Yemen from 819 until 1018 from the capital city of Zabid.
- Active Epoch:
- 866 CE – 946 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Zabid
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery7.3M km²
Alliance between Papal States and Spanish Empire
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870.
- Active Epoch:
- 1564 CE – 1611 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Rome
- Government:
Early Middle Ages7.1M km²
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit.
- Active Epoch:
- 633 CE – 665 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Medina
- Government:
Industrial Era7.0M km²
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan , also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the period of Japanese history spanning 79 years, starting with the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868, and ending with ratification of the Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.
- Active Epoch:
- 1868 CE – 1945 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Kyoto
- Government:
Classical Antiquity6.9M km²
Alliance between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu
The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China established by Liu Bang, and preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and the interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC).
- Active Epoch:
- 50 BCE – 105 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages6.5M km²
Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty
Joseon, officially Great Joseon State, was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years.
- Active Epoch:
- 1395 CE – 1571 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Main: Hanseong,
- Government:
Early Middle Ages6.4M km²
Göktürk Khaganate
Göktürk Khaganate is mapped in the atlas for 555 CE – 586 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 6,419,739 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 555 CE – 586 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Suyab
- Government:
Classical Antiquity5.6M km²
Achaemenid Empire
𐎧𐏁𐏂 (Xšāça)
The first global superpower, governing over 40% of the planetary human population from the Indus Valley to the Aegean Sea via satraps and the Royal Road.
- Active Epoch:
- 550 BCE – 330 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Persepolis, Pasargadae, Susa, Babylon
- Government:
- Imperial Monarchy with Satrapial Administration
Classical Antiquity5.6M km²
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
- Active Epoch:
- 208 BCE – 153 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Longcheng
- Government:
Early Middle Ages5.3M km²
Alliance between Sasanian Empire and Byzantine Empire
The Sasanian Empire, officially Eranshahr, was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD.
- Active Epoch:
- 633 CE – 643 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ctesiphon
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery5.3M km²
Personal union of Spanish Empire with Habsburg Monarchy
Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, King of Sicily and Naples from 1516 to 1554, and also Lord of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
- Active Epoch:
- 1519 CE – 1563 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity5.2M km²
Xianbei
The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people who inhabited parts of present-day northeastern China, Inner Mongolia, and the eastern Eurasian steppe.
- Active Epoch:
- 60 CE – 237 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mount Danhan
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages5.2M km²
Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire
The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in c.
- Active Epoch:
- 1395 CE – 1406 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tbilisi
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages5.1M km²
Timurid Empire
Timurid Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1375 CE – 1528 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 5,138,510 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1375 CE – 1528 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Samarkand
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages5.1M km²
Mongol Khanate
Yeke Monggol Ulus
The largest contiguous land empire in world history, uniting the entire Eurasian landmass from the Sea of Japan to the Danube River under the Pax Mongolica.
- Active Epoch:
- 1206 CE – 1368 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Avarga
- Government:
- Nomadic confederated kurultai / imperial monarchy
Classical Antiquity5.0M km²
Alliance between Northern Wei and Rouran Khaganate
Wei, known in historiography as the Northern Wei, Tuoba Wei, Yuan Wei and Later Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Tuoba (Tabgach) clan of the Xianbei.
- Active Epoch:
- 402 CE – 533 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Shengle
- Government:
Industrial Era4.9M km²
British Raj
The British Raj was the period of rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent, lasting from 1858 to 1947.
- Active Epoch:
- 1859 CE – 1947 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Calcutta,
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.9M km²
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.
- Active Epoch:
- 1294 CE – 1695 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Sarai
- Government:
Classical Antiquity4.8M km²
Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom or Ptolemaic Empire was an ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
- Active Epoch:
- 331 BCE – 28 BCE
- Imperial Capital:
- Alexandria
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.7M km²
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1407 CE – 1467 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 4,732,201 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1407 CE – 1467 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tabriz
- Government:
Classical Antiquity4.5M km²
Xin Dynasty
Xin Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 6 CE – 29 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 4,465,527 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 6 CE – 29 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chang'an
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.4M km²
Khanate of Sibir
The Khanate of Sibir was a Siberian Tatar state in western Siberia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1429 CE – 1587 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Chimgi-Tura, Qashliq
- Government:
Classical Antiquity4.4M km²
Western Jin
The Jin dynasty or the Jin Empire, officially Jin, sometimes distinguished as the Sima Jin or the Two Jins, was an imperial dynasty in China that existed from 266 to 420 CE.
- Active Epoch:
- 265 CE – 425 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Luoyang
- Government:
Industrial Era4.3M km²
Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia, also known as Greater Colombia and officially the Republic of Colombia, was the Colombian state that encompassed much of northern South America and parts of Central America from 1819 to 1831.
- Active Epoch:
- 1822 CE – 1833 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Bogotá
- Government:
Early Middle Ages4.2M km²
Western Göktürks
The Göktürks, also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 587 CE – 660 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.2M km²
Allegiance of Southern Song to Great Jin
The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279.
- Active Epoch:
- 1139 CE – 1235 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- ubl
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.1M km²
Great Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian empire established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.
- Active Epoch:
- 1040 CE – 1201 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Nishapur
- Government:
Classical Antiquity4.1M km²
Alliance between White Huns and Sasanian Empire
The Hephthalites or Ephthalites, sometimes called the White Huns, were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, and were a part of what numismatist Robert Göbl calls Iranian Huns.
- Active Epoch:
- 410 CE – 489 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Middle Ages4.0M km²
Türgesh
The Türgesh or Türgish were a Turkic tribal confederation.
- Active Epoch:
- 692 CE – 749 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Taraz, Suyab
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.0M km²
Khwarezmid Empire
The Khwarazmian Empire, or simply Khwarazm, was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruled by the Anushtegin dynasty.
- Active Epoch:
- 1202 CE – 1235 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- ubli
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages4.0M km²
Four Oirats
The Four Oirats or Oirat Confederation, formerly known as the Eleuths, was the confederation of the Oirat tribes which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in the history of the Mongolian Plateau.
- Active Epoch:
- 1402 CE – 1474 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity3.9M km²
Allegiance of Kidarites to Sasanian Empire
The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and India in the 4th and 5th centuries.
- Active Epoch:
- 390 CE – 450 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Bactria
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages3.9M km²
Ilkhanate
Yeke Monggol Ulus
The largest contiguous land empire in world history, uniting the entire Eurasian landmass from the Sea of Japan to the Danube River under the Pax Mongolica.
- Active Epoch:
- 1206 CE – 1368 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Avarga
- Government:
- Nomadic confederated kurultai / imperial monarchy
Early Middle Ages3.9M km²
Uyghur Khaganate
The Uyghur Khaganate, self defined as the Toquz Oghuz and known to the Tang Chinese as the Jiuxing was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.
- Active Epoch:
- 750 CE – 849 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ordu-Baliq
- Government:
Classical Antiquity3.9M km²
Rouran Khaganate
The Rouran Khaganate, also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan, was a tribal confederation and later state.
- Active Epoch:
- 402 CE – 554 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ting northwest of Gansu, Mumocheng
- Government:
Early Middle Ages3.9M km²
Tibetan Empire
The Tibetan Empire was centered on the Tibetan Plateau and formed as a result of expansions under the Yarlung dynasty's 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century.
- Active Epoch:
- 623 CE – 849 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Lhasa
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery3.7M km²
Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate, also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate was the last nomadic empire of Oirat origin.
- Active Epoch:
- 1609 CE – 1756 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ghulja
- Government:
Industrial Era3.6M km²
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico.
- Active Epoch:
- 1822 CE – 1823 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mexico City
- Government:
Industrial Era3.6M km²
Allegiance of Kingdom of Hawaï'i to British Empire
The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was an archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.
- Active Epoch:
- 1811 CE – 1819 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Waikīkī / Honolulu / Kailua-Kona
- Government:
Industrial Era3.5M km²
Italian Africa
The Italian colonial empire, sometimes known as the Italian Empire, was a colonial empire that existed between 1882 and 1943; an Italian colony was revived in 1950 as a UN trust territory under Italy's administration and lasted until 1960.
- Active Epoch:
- 1890 CE – 1943 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Rome
- Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery3.5M km²
Afsharid Iran
Afsharid Iran is mapped in the atlas for 1734 CE – 1756 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 3,458,882 km².
- Active Epoch:
- 1734 CE – 1756 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mashhad
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages3.4M km²
Northern Yuan
The Northern Yuan was a dynastic state ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau.
- Active Epoch:
- 1375 CE – 1439 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Early Middle Ages3.4M km²
Sui Dynasty
The Sui dynasty was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618 AD.
- Active Epoch:
- 587 CE – 627 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Daxing
- Government:
Early Middle Ages3.3M km²
Alliance between Samanid Empire and Ziyadid dynasty
The Samanid Empire was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, ruled by a dynasty of Iranian dehqan origin, from 819 to 999.
- Active Epoch:
- 886 CE – 999 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era3.3M km²
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
- Active Epoch:
- 1936 CE – 1944 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Berlin
- Government:
Classical Antiquity3.3M km²
White Huns
The Hephthalites or Ephthalites, sometimes called the White Huns, were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, and were a part of what numismatist Robert Göbl calls Iranian Huns.
- Active Epoch:
- 410 CE – 560 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Industrial Era3.2M km²
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839.
- Active Epoch:
- 1836 CE – 1839 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Tacna
- Government:
Industrial Era3.2M km²
Federated Republic of Mexico
The First Mexican Republic, known also as the First Federal Republic, existed from 1824 to 1835.
- Active Epoch:
- 1824 CE – 1865 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Mexico City
- Government:
Industrial Era3.2M km²
Republic of India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia.
- Active Epoch:
- 1947 CE – 2024 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- New Delhi
- Government:
Early Middle Ages3.1M km²
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, ruled by a dynasty of Iranian dehqan origin, from 819 to 999.
- Active Epoch:
- 886 CE – 999 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Government:
Classical Antiquity3.1M km²
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
- Active Epoch:
- 239 BCE – 237 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Ctesiphon, Ecbatana, Hecatompylos, Susa, Mithradatkirt, Asaak, Rhages
- Government:
High & Late Middle Ages3.0M km²
Allegiance of Jalayirid Sultanate to Timurid Empire
The Jalayirid Sultanate, also Ilka dynasty or Ilkanids, was a Mongol dynasty which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 1330s.
- Active Epoch:
- 1375 CE – 1394 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Baghdad
- Government:
Early Middle Ages3.0M km²
Kimek-Kipchak confederation
The Kimak–Kipchak confederation was a medieval Turkic state formed by seven peoples, including the Kimaks and Kipchaks, in the area between the Ob and Irtysh rivers.
- Active Epoch:
- 750 CE – 1235 CE
- Imperial Capital:
- Khakan-Kimak
- Government:
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