High & Late Middle Ages1385 CE – 1401 CEPeak: 8.3M km² (1398 CE)

Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire: Map & History

Wikipedia Encyclopedic Compendium

Historiographical synthesis & structured realm registry

1242–1502 Turkicized Mongol khanate

The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire. After the division of the empire in 1259, it became a functionally independent khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate, and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation.

Capital / Seat

Sarai (Western wing, later overall), Sighnaq (Eastern wing)

Common Languages

Middle Mongol, Kipchak Turkic

Imperial Currency

Pul, som, dirham

State Governance

Semi-elective monarchy, later hereditary monarchy

Peak Territory

6000000

Key Dynasts / Leaders

Jochi, Orda Khan (Blue Horde)

Preceded By

Mongol Empire

Succeeded By

Great Horde, Astrakhan Khanate, Crimean Khanate

Content & infobox metadata adapted from Wikipedia (Golden Horde)

Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International

Modern Countries Once Part of Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire

At its mapped extent, Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire covered territory in 13 present-day countries. The period shown is when the mapped borders include that country, and the note says how much of it.

Largest Present-Day Cities in Its Territory

Each opens on the live map inside Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire's borders of that time.

Derived by testing mapped cities against this polity's dated territorial polygons, so the list is indicative and follows the borders in the source dataset.

Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire in Depth

Mongol origins (c. 1225 – 1241)

Genghis Khan divided the Mongol Empire amongst his four sons as appanages. Jochi (d. 1225) was given the lands (an ulus) around the Irtysh River. As the eldest son, he was given the lands that were farthest away from his father's native land, according to the Mongol custom. However, the territory was not fixed and Jochi died before he could significantly expand it. Batu Khan was designated as his primary heir. Jochi's eldest son Orda founded a separate power in the east (the eastern wing). Both agreed they could not claim each other's territories and that Batu's descendants had precedence over Orda's descendants.

In 1229, at Ögödei's enthronement, the kurultai decided to subdue the Kipchaks and Batu was tasked with military operations in the west, having won Ögödei's favor.

Decline

Berdi Beg was killed in a coup by his brother Qulpa in 1359. Qulpa's two sons were Christians and bore the Slavic names Michael and Ivan, which outraged the Muslim populace of the Golden Horde. In 1360, Qulpa's brother Nawruz Beg revolted against the khan and killed him and his sons. In 1361, a descendant of Shiban (5th son of Jochi) was invited by some grandees to seize the throne. Khidr rebelled against Nawruz, whose own lieutenant betrayed him and handed him over to be executed. Khidr was slain by his own son, Timur Khwaja, in the same year. Timur Khwaja reigned for only five weeks before descendants of Öz Beg Khan seized power.

In 1362, the Golden Horde was divided between Keldi Beg in Sarai, Bulat Temir in Volga Bulgaria, and Abdullah in Crimea.

Geography and society

Genghis Khan assigned four Mongol mingghans: the Sanchi'ud (or Salji'ud), Keniges, Uushin, and Je'ured clans to Jochi. By the beginning of the 14th century, noyans from the Sanchi'ud, Hongirat, Ongud (Arghun), Keniges, Jajirad, Besud, Oirat, and Je'ured clans held importants positions at the court or elsewhere. There existed four mingghans (4,000) of the Jalayir in the left wing of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde).

The population of the Golden Horde was largely a mixture of Turks and Mongols who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of Finno-Ugric peoples, Sarmato-Scythians, Slavs, and people from the Caucasus, among others (whether Muslim or not). Most of the Horde's population was Turkic: Kipchaks, Cumans, Volga Bulgars, Khwarezmians, and others.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Golden Horde (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire: Key Facts

Key facts about Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire
Official language	Mongolian
Religion	Tengrism
Form of government	elective monarchy, monarchy
Founded	1243
Dissolved	28 June 1502

Succeeded by

Principality of Moldavia

Facts from Wikidata Q79965 (CC0).

Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire Timeline

Key historical inflections from foundation to peak territorial expansion

1 Epochs

Territorial Apex1398 CE

Expansion to peak recorded area of 8,257,512 km² in 1398 CE.

Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire: Frequently Asked Questions

When did the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire exist?

The Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire is dated to 1385 CE – 1401 CE, in the High & Late Middle Ages era.

What was the capital of the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire?

The capital of the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire was Sarai (Western wing, later overall), Sighnaq (Eastern wing).

How large was the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire at its peak?

At its peak in 1398 AD the Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire covered about 8,257,512 km².

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