From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The County of Aragon or County of Jaca was a small Frankish marcher county in the central Pyrenean valley of the Aragon river, comprising Ansó, Echo, and Canfranc and centered on the small town of Jaca, an area now part of Spain.
Duchy of Jawor was one of the duchies of Silesia and medieval Poland established in 1274 as a subdivision of the Duchy of Legnica.
The Kingdom of Sobrarbe was the legendary predecessor to the Kingdom of Aragon and the modern region of Sobrarbe.
The Ligurian Republic or Republic of Liguria was a French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797.
Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone.
Duchy of Racibórz was one of the duchies of Silesia, formed during the medieval fragmentation of Poland into provincial duchies.
The Zurayʿid dynasty, were a Banu Hamdan ruling dynasty based in Yemen in the time between 1083 and 1174.
Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine line of the House of Wettin, located in the southwest of the present-day German state of Thuringia.
Saxe-Altenburg was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin in present-day Thuringia.
The Principality of Reuss-Gera, officially called the Principality of Reuss Junior Line after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of Reuss.
The Communist Party of Cuba is the sole ruling party of Cuba.
Southern Powys or Powys Wenwynwyn, was a Welsh lordship which existed during the high Middle Ages.
Pallars Sobirà is a comarca (county) in the northwest region of Alt Pirineu, in Catalonia, Spain.
The Septinsular Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Islands, was an oligarchic republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Russian and Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was an Ernestine duchy in Thuringia ruled by a branch of the House of Wettin, consisting of territories in the present-day states of Thuringia and Bavaria in Germany.
The Mempawah Kingdom also known as the Mempawah Sultanate, was a Malay-Dayak kingdom located in a territory now known as the Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Morgannwg was a kingdom in south-east Wales.
The Taifa of Alpuente was a medieval taifa kingdom, of Berber origin, that existed from around 1009 to 1106 created following the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the Iberian Peninsula in 1010.
New Sweden was a colony of the Swedish Empire between 1638 and 1655 along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
The Duchy of Kalisz was a feudal district duchy in Greater Poland, with its territorial and administrative core in the Kalisz Land — the region surrounding the city of Kalisz.
The Principality of Svaneti was a small principality (samtavro) in the Svaneti region of the Greater Caucasus mountains that emerged following the breakup of the Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century.
The Duchy of Saint Sava was a late medieval polity in southeastern Europe, that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire.
The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a German city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Chimor was the political grouping of the Chimú culture.
Texcoco is mapped in the atlas for 1202 CE – 1428 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,632 km².
The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 until 1872, when it was reorganized as the Ryukyu Domain, before being fully abolished in 1879.
The Sultanate of Gowa was one of the great kingdoms in the history of Indonesia and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region.
Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, located about 1,100 nautical miles off the southeastern coast of Africa, east of Madagascar.
The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short, was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791, in what is now the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southern France.
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe.
Tenochtitlan, also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was a large Mexican altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City.
The Earldom of Ulster was an Anglo-Norman lordship in north-eastern Ireland during the Middle Ages, ruled by the Earls of Ulster and part of the Lordship of Ireland.
The County of Osona, also Ausona, was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early and High Middle Ages.
The Principality of Koknese was a small vassal state of the Principality of Polotsk on the right bank of the Daugava River in ancient Livonia during the Middle Ages.
The Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom or emirate located in what is now southern Portugal, that existed from 1018 to 1051.
The Taifa of Tejada was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom in al-Andalus during the second taifa period.
Danish India was the name given to the forts and factories of Denmark–Norway in the Indian subcontinent, forming part of the Danish overseas colonies.
The County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 to 1479 as part of the Kingdom of Sicily.
The Shunten dynasty (舜天王統) was the second dynasty in the traditional historiography of Okinawa Island.
Negroponte is mapped in the atlas for 1206 CE – 1209 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,178 km².
Rhodes is the largest of Greece's Dodecanese islands and their historical capital, as well as the ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
Sultan is a position with several historical meanings.
Chūzan was one of three kingdoms which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century.
Perlis is a state of Malaysia on the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
The Duchy of Bytom was a duchy in Upper Silesia, one of the Silesian duchies of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland.
The Duchy of Anhalt was a historical German duchy.
Tamna was a kingdom based on Jeju Island from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404, following a long period of being a tributary state or autonomous administrative region of various Korean kingdoms.
The Huguenots are a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.
Kamerun was a Central African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon.
Thessaloniki is the capital and largest city of the administrative region of Central Macedonia, and the second-largest city in Greece.
The Free City of Cracow, also known as the Republic of Cracow, and officially the Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow and its District, was a nominally independent city-state that existed from 1815 to 1846.
Pallars Jussà is a comarca (county) in Alt Pirineu, Catalonia, Spain.
The House of Khalifa is the ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain.
The Taifa of Niebla was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed during three distinct time periods: from 1023 to 1053, from 1145 to 1150 and from 1234 to 1262.
The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in South Dalmatia in Southern Europe.
Dunoding was an early sub-kingdom within the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north-west Wales which existed between the 5th and 10th centuries.
São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa.
Hamburg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and sixth-largest city in the European Union, with a population of over 1.9 million.
The Taifa of Ceuta was one of the taifa states formed after the breakup of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century.
Gwent was a medieval Welsh kingdom, lying between the Rivers Wye and Usk.
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